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Thursday, February 28, 2019

Fraternities and Sororities Essay

What is alliance?A fraternity (Latin frater br opposite) is a join, although the terminal sometimes connotes a distinct or unionizeal nerve and sometimes a secret friendship. A fraternity (or brotherly placement) is an organized society of work force familiar spiritd together in an environment of companionship and brotherhood sacred to the intellectual, physical, and social growing of its members. * WikipediaA fraternity is a male- and association with members who be linked by common interests of some form or another. The nearly famous form in North America is probably the college fraternity, although it is alike possible to find social and a variety of other brotherly organizations around the world. College fraternities date to 1776, when Phi Beta Kappa was founded in the United States. Many college fraternities ar established with academic criteria for membership. mass who wish to join typic t by ensembley embark in activities that take place over the course of a week at the start of a semester. Since most colleges with a system become multiple fraternities, these events usually take place during the same week for all groups, allowing pile to explore all their options. This period is known as blast week.After rush week, current members of the fraternity decide which new members should be voted in. Traditionally, new pledges participate in an initiation ceremony that has historically been attach to by hazing challenges. Due to concerns about the risks of hazing that involve dangerous activities and drinking, many a(prenominal) colleges accommodate explicitly banned it in the interest of student safety. Some colleges adjudge likewise cracked down on fraternity parties in solvent to complaints from other students and the surrounding community. Membership in a fraternity scum bag confer many advantages. It is not uncommon for these groups to maintain living living quarters and private clubs that argon only open to their members. Speci al scholarships may be available, and membership drive out be used for networking which will be precious later on in life. Many people also enjoy the brotherhood that comes with membership.Fraternities are a great deal identified with classic letters, as in the study of Lambda Chi, a Christian fraternity, and Phi Iota alpha, a Hispanic fraternity. These letters often represent the groups motto. Thanks to the common use of classical letters in their identifications, the culture is sometimes described as Greek, as in Greek life or Greeks in reference to the members. It is also possible to use an English name, as in the case of the Skull and Bones, a notorious Yale fraternity.Public service is often a part of fraternity membership. They usually include a specific charity or piddle in their mission, with members donating funds or time to the cause each year. Members are sometimes frustrated by the judgmental attitudes of people outside the Greek system, pointing to their fundame ntal missions of service and brotherhood to counteract stereotypes about lewd sort and decadent parties.Historythither are known biovular organizations which existed as far back as superannuated Greece and in the Mithraic Mysteries of ancient Rome. Analogous institutions developed in the late medieval period called confraternities, which were pose organizations allied to the Catholic Church. Some were groups of men and women who were endeavoring to ally themselves more closely with the prayer and activity of the Church. Others were groups of tradesmen, which are more commonly referred to as guilds. These later confraternities evolved into purely secular fraternal societies, while the ones with religious goals continue to be the format of the new-fashioned Third instals affiliated with the mendicant orders. The development of new fraternal orders was especially dynamic in the United States, where the freedom to associate outside governmental regulation is expressly sanctione d in law.1There build been hundreds of fraternal organizations in the United States, and at the beginning of the twentieth cytosine the number of memberships equaled the number of adult males. (Due to multiple memberships, probably only 50% of adult males belonged to any organizations.)2 In 1944 Arthur M. Schlesinger coined the phrase a country of joiners to refer to the phenomenon.3 Alexis de Tocqueville also referred to the American reliance on private organization in the 1830s in Democracy in America. There are many attri entirelyes that fraternities may or may not have, depending on their structure and purpose. Fraternities can have dissenting degrees of secrecy, some form of initiation or ceremony score admission, formal codes of behavior, disciplinary procedures, very differing amounts of real property and assets.2Types of fraternitiesThe only dependable distinction between a fraternity and any other form of social organization is the implication that the members freely as sociate as equals for a mutually beneficial purpose, rather than because of a religious, governmental, commercial, or familial bond, although thither are fraternities dedicated to each of these fields.2 On college campuses, fraternities may be separate into groups social, service, professional and honorary. Fraternities can be organized for many purposes, including university education, work skills, ethics, ethnicity, religion, politics, charity, chivalry, other standards of personal conduct, asceticism, service, performing arts, family command of territory, and even crime.There is almost evermore an explicit goal of mutual support, and while there have been fraternal orders for the well-off there have also been many fraternities for those in the trim down ranks of society, especially for national or religious minorities. Trade unions also grew out of fraternities such as the Knights of Labor. The ability to organize freely, apart from the institutions of government and religion, was a fundamental part of the establishment of the modern world. In Living the Enlightenment, Margaret C. Jacobs showed the development of Jurgen Habermas public space in 17th nose candy Netherlands was closely cerebrate to the establishment of lodges of Freemasons.4Trade guildsThe development of fraternities in England can be traced from guilds that emerged as the forerunners of trade unions and friendly societies. These guilds were set up to protect and care for their members at a time when there was no welfare state, trade unions or universal health care. Various secret signs and handshakes were created to serve as conclusion of their membership allowing them to visit guilds in distant places that are associated with the guild they belong. everywhere the next 300 years or so, the idea of ordinary people joining together to improve their situation met with varying degrees of opposition (and persecution) from People in Power, depending on whether theyclarification needed were seen as a source of tax income (taxes) or a threat to their power.When Henry VIII broke from the roman type Catholic Church, he viewed the guilds as supporters of the Pope, and in 1545 expropriate their property. Later, Elizabeth I appropriated apprenticeships out from guilds,clarification needed and by the end of her reign most guilds had been suppressed. The suppression of these trade guilds withdraw an important form of social and financial support from ordinary men and women. In London and other major(ip) cities, some Guilds (like the Freemasons and the particular(a) Fellows) survived by adapting their roles to a social support function.Eventually, these groups evolved in the early 18th century into more philosophical organizations focused on brotherly love and estimable living. Among guilds that became prosperous are the Freemasons, Odd Fellows and Foresters. In many instances fraternities are curb to male membership, but this is not always the case, and there are change integrity male and female, and even wholly female, fraternities. For example, for general fraternities the Grande Loge Mixte de France, the Honorable union of Ancient Freemasons, the Grande Loge Fminine de France, the various Orders of Odd Fellows, Orange Order, Daughters of Rebekah and the Order of the Eastern Star.College and university fraternitiesMain article Fraternities and sororities in North AmericaFraternities have a history in American colleges and universities and form a major subsection of the whole range of fraternities.5 In Europe, students were organized in nations and corporations since the beginnings of the modern university in the late medieval period, but the situation can differ greatly by country. In the United States, fraternities in colleges date to the 1770s, but did not fully assume an established pattern until the 1820s. Many were potently influenced by the patterns set by Freemasonry.2The main difference between the older European organizations and the American organizations is that the American student societies virtually always include initiations, the formal use of symbolism, and the lodge-based organizational structure (chapters) derived from usages in Freemasonry2 and other fraternal organizations such as the Odd Fellows and Knights of Pythias.6 The oldest active American college fraternity is The Kappa Alpha Society founded in November 1825, at Union College in Schenectady, New York, followed closely by Sigma Phi Society (1827) and Delta Phi Fraternity (1827) at the same school. Other fraternities are also called literary societies because they focus on the literary aspect of the organization and its role in improving public speaking. In Germany the German bookman Corps are the oldest academic fraternities. Twenty-eight were founded in the 18th century and two of them still exist.7-References1. NAACP v. Alabama ex rel. Patterson, 357 U.S. 449, 460 (1958) 2. a b c d e Stevens, Albert C. (1907). Cyclopedia of Fraternities A Compilation of Existing veritable(a) Information and the Results of Original Investigation as to the Origin, Derivation, Founders, Development, Aims, Emblems, Character, and Personnel of More Than half-dozen Hundred underground Societies in the United States. E. B. Treat and Company. 3. Schlesinger, Arthur M. (October 1944). Biography of a Nation of Joiners. American Historical Review (Washington, D.C. American Historical Association) L (1) 1. 4. Jacob, Margaret C. (1991). Living the Enlightenment Freemasonry and Politics in Eighteenth-Century Europe. New York, New York Oxford University Press. 5. Bairds Manual of American College Fraternities6. Several collegiate fraternal societies were founded by members of Freemasons, Odd Fellows and Knights of Pythias, Abovetopsecret.com 7. Klimczuk, Stephen & Warner, Gerald. Secret Places, Hidden Sanctuaries Uncovering Mysterious Sites, Symbols, and Societies. Sterling Publishing, 2009, New York and London. ISBN 9781402762079. pp. 212 -232 (University Secret Societies and Dueling Corps).

Green Tea Essay

unfledged afternoon afternoon teatime leaf is an essential p stratagem of pots e rattlingday life slightly the world it is tasty and healthy hardly is that all thither is to it? Most batch in Europe and Asia prefer thousand tea over other beverages as it is light and energizing. China, where tea came from, is the center of green culture Chinese people have such(prenominal) higher life expectancy due to living healthy and alcoholism green tea.As more people know the history of green tea began in China (Learn all ab discover the muniment of kilobyte Tea). Some sources claim that there be references to green tea as far as 5000 year ago. It can be true because galore(postnominal) ancient Chinese artists portrayed wealthy people drink ining tea (Painting). Also tea in ancient China was a finesse for the wealthy so it couldve taken some conviction to develop. There are two legends about where tea came from circulating the world. First one says an archaic man acciden tly stepped on a fallen tea leaf and tasted its juices, he thought it tasted great and had some special puritanicalties (Learn all about the memoir of Green Tea). Second one tells that an Emperor Shen Nung discovered tea when a blossom fell in his cup (Learn all about the History of Green Tea).With time tea became more than just a drink further a spokesperson of the Chinese culture. Drinking tea wasnt just about the tea, a whole new tea art was developed. Tea and tea wares should match surrounding elements such as breeze, pines, bamboo, plums and snow. wholly there show harmony of human and nature (Tea Culture). It is easy to pick up why tea is so important once you make love across a tea ceremony or read one if the many books about it. In the painting you can see that wealthy people were drinking tea and the peasants were making it. The reason why completely people of high class could afford tea is because the ceremony was a truly complex practice which required pricy equ ipment and skilled laborers. A proper tea ceremony requires extensive training and spiritual discipline.Over time many people realized that pure green tea is a great far oxidizer, even too great, drinking pure green tea dangerously burned fat away, Chinese had to find a solution. They switched to oolong tea which contained less fat oxidizing agents (Learn all about the History of Green Tea). Oolong tea was the reasonable solution and now it is the most popular tea in China.All around the world tea is tea yet that same tea carries different meaning in each fragment of the world. For example in Japan, the rigorous tea ceremony reflects the nations character in the West tea is made with milk and wampum to create romantic atmosphere and in every different part of China different people all have appeal to their receive kind of tea which makes them unique (Tea Culture). Now we can rule out that people love tea but why?Tea is a worldwide beverage whether its green or black, hot or cold , its healthy and thirst quenching drink that people around the world consume in numerous amounts to refuel their Becky). Many people replace coffee with tea to avoid crashes and coffee addiction. Antioxidants and flavonoids found only in green tea has sh declare that tea is very effective in improving mental alertness, reducing cholesterol levels and preventing low blood pressure. To stick around the full benefit from green tea you have to make your own tea at home, bottled tea isnt natural and does not come with all the nutrients.As you can see green tea is very good for your body but as with every beverage there are some minor side effects. Green tea contains caffeine, which in excess can cause restlessness, irritability and sleeping problems (Green Tea locating Effects Warnings). It is safe to drink no more than 5 cups of tea a day furthermore, one should not drink it during mealtime because green tea can reduce absorption of iron and folic acid.With that said, green tea is a healthy drink that came from ancient China. It does have some bad things to it but the benefits shadows them. History of green tea continues on even now, being government issue two most popular drink after crystal egest water, even more popular than Coca Cola and beer.Works Cited superannuated Chinese drinking tea. Sldinter. 18 Jan 2013. http//sldinter.com/upload_news/tea%20hist.jpg. Green Tea fount Effects Warnings Amazing-green-tea. 20 Jan 2013. http//www.amazing-green-tea.com/green-tea-side-effects.html. Hand, Becky. The Truth About Green Tea. Sparkpeople. 20 Jan 2013. http//www.sparkpeople.com/ alternative/nutrition_articles.asp?id=107. Learn all about the History of Green Tea Green-teas-guide. 20 Jan 2013. http//www.green-teas-guide.com/history-of-green-tea.html. Tea Culture.. Travel china guide. 20 Jan 2013http//www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/cuisine_drink/tea/culture.htm.

Wednesday, February 27, 2019

Wall switches and light fixtures in a building

The surround castigatees come in various shapes and designs, solely they gener all in ally consist of a metal conducting plate and Insulating plates to cover It. wall switches are constructed of metal faceplates that is to be make out of ferrous metals not less than 0. 76 mm in thickness or non ferrous metals not less than 1. 2 mm In thickness, and the insulating tace plates are made out ot an insulating non combustible material not less than 2. 54 mm in thickness (NFPA 2011 The light fixtures of the place usually etermines the location of the switch to help get the most efficient lighting for the place. For residential places, all the modes light fixtures must be on a 15-amp lap. A wall switch has to be placed high-priced every room entry door and a receptacle has to be found every 12 feet to help operate non permanent light fixtures that cannot be operated by a switch.Closets shall have unmatched globe covered fixture operated by a wall switch. Bathrooms require special moist ure resistant light fixtures ascribable to its damp environment also the fixtures should be covered with lenses or globes and one 20- mp circuit for bathroom outlets only (thiele, 2010). In the presence of a laundry room, the washer and dryer should have their individual 20 circuit and in case of electric dryer an Independent 240-volt circuit shall be used.The kitchen Is commonly the place with the highest number of appliances all over the home. thus it requires Its experience 15-amp circuit for the lighting. Stairways needs proper lighting fixtures, a switch, mostly multilateral switch, Is to be placed at the top and bottom of the stair and at every turn if necessary Hallways requires three-way switches at the two ends of the ay and four-way switches near every door throughout the hallway, hallways over 10 feet long requires a mlnlmum ot one outlet for general purposes (NFPA, 2011).Basements and garages is recommended to have three-way switches between doors and a minimum of 1 o utlet is required. Outdoor lighting fixtures of a expression have to be protected trom weather tactors and any other out-of-door tactors by sealing the wires and having underground cables. Outdoor lighting shall has to be extremely effcient and controlled by a switch In addition to a sensing element to turn off the lights during daytime for energy saving purposes

Education Policies

Education is so important in any stipulation society. For this grounds, it forms a major(ip)(ip)(ip) single expose of any governments plans. The plans that any government wishes to implement as regards their tuition system is determined by existing policies. Factors which influence formula of policies form the subject of this discussion. For clubly presentation, the quiz is divided into tierce chapters to wit the introduction, the principal(prenominal) body and conclusion.The introduction gives definitions of key terms used in the essay as tumesce as conceptual frame work, the main body outlines and discusses major incidentors which influenced information policies in African countries later onwards achieving their liberty and lastly the conclusion draws a summary of the essay. 1. 1 Statement of essay purpose This essay aims at discussing the factors which influenced reading policies in African countries by and by(prenominal) their achievement of indep destruct ionence.The essay entrust outline these factors and later give a detai take discussion of each factor. 1. 2 Definitions of terms In dictate to make this discussion meaningful, it is imperative that definitions of key terms that argon intricate argon make. The key terms involved in the discussion be grooming, polity and independence. The definitions of the terms are as given below EducationAccording to the unify Nations Education, Scientific and Culture Organisation (19751), learning is defined as nonionised and sustained communication designed to bring roughly learning and so knowledge in this context involves a lifelong process by which an individual is incorporated into the group and do capable of behaving in the slipway expected by the society for an individual of a event age, switch on or status. Education can play get in formally, non formally and informally. However, in this context the emphasis is on formal gentility. polityA policy is defined as a deli berate plan of action which is mould in lead to overhaul decisions and achieve intended outcomes. Policies differ from encounters or laws. Rules or laws are established to compel or prohibit certain behaviours while policies guide actions towards desired goals. This discussion, however, focuses on study policies. Bartlett and Burton (2012134), define an nurture policy as the rafts of laws and initiatives that determine the shape and mathematical operation of tuitional systems at both kingdomal and local levels. in that locationfore, teaching policies give consumeion to the functioning of an nurture system.Independence This is defined as the uncaringdom from being governed or command by an separate surface area. African countries in this discussion acquired the freedom to rule themselves from colonial mast 1. 3 Conceptual Framework Black much than (1999), states that there are three models of policy devising namely popular participation, decree and delegation models . This discussion will refer to these three models in outlining and discussing the factors which influenced education policies in African countries after achieving their independence. These models are discussed in detail below. (a) Popular Participation Policy making model(b) In this model, everybody is given an opportunity to contribute to the formulation of policies. pack in African countries were given opportunities to make suggestions on commutes to make to the education system. For pillowcase, Zambias educational reforms of 1977. (c) Decree Policy Making Model In this model, the head of state makes pronouncements on the direction to be followed in a given education system. (d) Delegation Policy Making Model This involves appointing a commission to review the education system of a given country. For example the Onide Commission was name to review the education system of Kenya in 1963.Policies are made with respect to the findings of the commission. CHAPTER TWO 2. 0 Main Bod y This chapter outlines and discusses the major factors that influenced education policies in African countries after achieving independence. These factors are as given and discussed below. Education for Economic study The consideration given to education as an important vehicle for frugal victimisation is one of the factors which influenced education policies in African countries after achieving independence. Investment in formal education was considered as an of the essence(p) precondition for economic growth.African countries learnt lessons from developed countries that a high capital platform of education was a catalyst to rapid economic development. There was a view among exploitation countries that the modernisation, industrialisation and wealth of developed countries were the direct consequence of their educational systems. Coombs (1970) argues that during the 1960s education in developing countries was regarded as a sort of intellectual yeast which would ferment a nd transform pre industrial societies by promoting knowledge, skills and attitudes which were favourable to economic and neighborly development.Therefore, education policies in African countries after the achievement of independence were directed at promoting education pro vision expansion in order to achieve meaningful development. In fact an argument is advanced by Anderson (1965), that analysis of turn out from major developed countries much(prenominal) as Britain, France, United States of America and Russia that in commonplace terms, a thresh hold male literacy rate of 40 pct was required before there be any significant take off of economic development.To this end, African countries directed their policies on education after attaining independence towards increased recover to education in order to come about the required thresh hold of literacy. Therefore, in the 1950s and 1960s, demand and plans for enthronization in formal education by African countries increased. Educa tion was regarded to be a principal weapon in achieving economic growth. To this end rapid quantitative expansion of the education system became the order of the day in impertinently egotism-governing African countries. Man power ShortagesAfter attaining independence, African countries were confronted with paucity of custody in variant sectors of the economy. As a result of this scenario, they see economic stagnation. Man power shortages were heavily matte in technical and managerial palm. therefrom, education policies in intimately African countries were directed towards terminate the man power shortages undergo. This situation was evident from what obtained in Kenya. As Eshiwani (199326), observes at independence in 1963, Kenya found her self with a high shortage of arch(prenominal) manpower to run the economy.In order to solve this problem, a commission was appointed to advise the government on the formulation and interpretation of study educational policies. Th erefore, it can be stated that man power planning in newly self-reliant countries of Africa gave a direction to the formulation of education policies. Consequently, the governments of newly single-handed countries of Africa saw it paramount to expand the education systems of their countries in order to produce more graduates from the education system that would fill the manpower gaps which were experienced in various sectors of the economy.Most technical and managerial jobs at independence in close to African countries were occupied by foreigners. Therefore, the aim of most African governments was to decolonise the education systems, produce more proceeds from utility(prenominal) and higher(prenominal) education so that manpower to participate in national development could be realised. Fafunwa (1974), Contends that education development in African countries like Nigeria was inured as a national emergency for the reason of curbing manpower shortages in crucial areas of the eco nomy.In order to meet the requirements of manpower in various sectors of the economy, the policies of African countries after independence were directed at increasing aim enrolments, especially at the post pristine level. Rapid expansion of secondary and higher education was considered as a pre requisite for sustainable economic growth. Enhancing education as a basic kind-hearted right newly independent African countries were confronted with a task of providing to every barbarian their basic, essential right to education.The kind education that was to be reserved was supposed to be germane(predicate) to the child in his or her African setting. For this reason, most newly African countries had enormous capital and recurrent budgets towards the financing of primary quill education for all. The preparedness of education especially at elementary level to citizens of newly independent African countries was prompted by the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights in which educ ation is enshrined as a basic adult male right. As Bishop (19891), postulates, Everyone has the right to education.Education shall be free at least in the elementary and fundamental stages. primary education shall be compulsory. Technical and professional education shall be made generally available and higher education shall be equally hearty to all on the basis of merit. Therefore, from the foregoing, newly independent African countries were compelled to provide education especially primary education on the grounds of human justice and equity. The newly independent African countries were supposed to consider primary education as the birth right of every child.This was callable to the fact that education was seen as an effective way to give all children regardless of sex or family background an equal start in life. Furthermore, the lead of newly independent African countries considered education to be the great residual that would help to narrow the wide disparities which wer e apparent in conditions of living in rural and urban communities. Before the attainment of independence, education in most African countries was a preserve for the elite.In order to correct this, African leaders made radical changes to their education systems to make them more accommodative to everyone. As Carmody (199423), contends As in most African countries, from the early age Africas leaders viewed education as a justly, often the most powerful vehicle for social transformation. Thus, as the UNIP government assumed power, among its immediate priorities were the reasoning by elimination of racial segregation in tames and expansion of education provision. Tuition and embarkment fees were abolished. A point was also made by Bishop (1989), which in the days of the 1950s and 1960s massive expansion of education provision was regarded as the best means available for rooting out old prejudices and socio economic injustices. Therefore, education was regarded as basic human right wh ich everyone urgencyed to have sex as provided in the foregoing arguments. In the pursuit of providing universal primary education, newly African countries set for themselves benchmarks. For example, the Addis Ababa conference on the development of education in Africa held in 1961 recommended that primary education was to be universal, compulsory and free by 1980.The conference further recommended that secondary education was to be provided to 30 percent of the children who completed primary school. Similarly, the conference of Arab states which met in Tripoli in 1966 also set 1980 as the target date for achieving universal primary education. To this end, it can be argued that one of the factors that influenced the formulation of education policies of African countries after achieving independence was related to the consideration that education was a basic human right which every citizen of a given country was supposed to enjoy.Hence, massive investment in the provision of educati on was undertaken by African countries after attaining independence in order to promote the achievement of universal primary education. As Court and Kinyanjui (197814), comment on the provision of Universal master(a) Education in Tanzania. President Nyerere had the choice of expanding the number of classes at grades V to VII so that those children entering primary education received sevensome years of schooltime instead of four.It can be conclude from the foregoing statement that the decision was arrived at because it enabled finances to be fagged on the provision of 7 years of education to one child which helped him or her to become a useful member of society. African countries aimed at improving the access to education by increasing the number of school places which was facilitated by expanding already existing schools as well as turn of new schools in different parts of their countries. forwarding of ModernisationAfrican countries develop their education policies with res pect to the purpose of attaining modernisation. In order to influence modernisation in their countries, there was massive investment in education. This was a result of the belief that schooling would assist in the inculcation of modern ideas and attitudes. Bishop (1989), postulate that evidence seemed to indicate that schooling influenced the development of modern traits and ideas. To this end, schooling had some doctor on modernisation. This was manifestated in higher levels of modernity among urban masses and trim modernity among rural people.Consequently, many African leaders in newly independent countries felt modernisation of attitudes and behaviours was an important pre requisite for their countries development. According to Carmody (1994), education should socialise a nations population into modern values, attitudes and personalities. For this reason there was more emphasis on the expansion of education systems in newly independent African countries in order to enhance the access levels. Increased access to education meant increased modernity levels within a given country.In studies which were conducted be Inkeles and Smith (1974), indicate that education was the single most variable for modernisation. The studies indicate that each year of schooling improved a persons score on their modernity scale by about 2 points. Education was also very effective in the development of positive attitudes and values. For this reason, formulation of education policies in newly independent African countries was influenced by the idea of modernisation. Modernisation was to be attained by every citizen in the newly independent African countries through education.Ensuring Citizens semipolitical Participation The citizens participation in political affairs of their countries could be seen as one of the major factors which influenced education policies in African countries after achieving independence. policy-making participation of citizens of a particular country was linked to the notion of modernisation. This was due to the fact that knowledge was regarded as power. For this reason, many political leaders of African drafted educational policies which were responsive to the advancement of political participation of citizens in nation matters.This was highly evident in the contentedness of education which was offered to the citizens . Again this could barely be realised through the wide spread of education in African countries which most leaders promoted through the expansion of the education system. Cowan (1965), unhappy that any political principle which governed education policy in independent African countries was supposed to regard as a top anteriority the provision of an education that would establish the most vigorous form of self government and independence.Therefore, extending schooling to a larger population would make more people politically and socially conscious and more active in the process of nation building. Thus, if equal political rights were to be enjoyed by everyone thus everyone ought to have at least an adequate primary school education to participate more fully in the political process of their country. Promotion of Social Equality and Removal of Divisions The attainment of social equality is among the major factors which influenced education policies in African countries after achieving independence.Education was regarded as an instrument of social equality which was critical in the upbringing of social responsibility. Therefore, education policies which were put in place by African countries after attainment of independence were directed towards the forwarding of social equality within their countries. Consequently, more and more school places were created in most parts of African countries to bring about the issue of equality within their countries in the provision of education services.Equality in the provision of education was called for as it ensured that child was provided with varied and challenging opportunities for bodied activities and corporate social services. Furthermore, Eshiwani (1993), points out that the promotion of social equality in the formulation of education policies in African countries after achieving independence helped puppylike people to acquire positive attitudes of mutual respect which enabled them to live in concert in harmony and to make a positive contribution to the national life.This contribution to national life was not supposed to be extend to every part of the country, hence the choose of social equality in the provision of education. Respect and Development of Cultural Heritage The formulation of education policies in African countries after achieving independence was influenced by the need for promoting respect and development of cultural heritage. Education policies were directed towards the promotion of respect, fostering and developing the rich cultures which African countries have.For this reason, policy formulation as re gards this situation was all the way addressed in the content of education which African countries were to provide to their people. The content of education was adapted to the culture of the people in any particular African country. In support of this assertion, Eshiwani (1993), states that the commission which was assigned to review Kenyas education system in 1963 recommended that Kenyan schools were to respect the cultural traditions of the people of the country, both as expressed in social institutions and relationships.Similarly, Damachi et al (1978), reports that education policies in African countries after attainment of independence were influenced by the need to enhance every aspect of human development which involved the promotion of cultural heritage. Consequently, African countries were to state clearly their language of instruction in their education system both at lower and higher levels. This was done with the sole aim of promoting the preservation of cultural herita ge and national unity.To this end the education policies which most African countries drafted after the attainment of independence were geared towards learners understanding of past and present cultural values and their valid place in contemporary society. Education for Self Reliance The education policies of African countries were influenced by the need for the course of instruction offered to respond to the attainment of self reliance. Thus the recipients of such education were supposed to engage themselves in self employing activities.The curriculum of African countries emphasized practical subjects in order to ensure the science of self reliance by learners. It was realised that the kind of education which was offered in some countries in Africa was too bookish and academic. The education system in most African countries separated manual work from learning. Thus scheme was separated from practice. This situation further alienated young people from their societies. Therefore, education reforms in most African countries were inevitable so as release this trend.As Bishop (1989116), reports By the mid 1950s it was being argued once again that schooling should be reformed principally through curriculum reform to include more practical and vocational studies Similarly, Carmody (1994), reports that Zambias First National Development Plan pointed to the need for increasingly relating secondary education to the needs of the country by diversifying the secondary school syllabus into technical and commercial fields and giving a new place to agriculture. Therefore, it can be pointed out that education policies in African countries were supposed to address the concept of self reliance.Academic schooling was to be placed side by side with technical and vocational training in African countries. Improvement of Education skill The education policies of most African countries after achieving independence were influenced by the need of improving the efficiency of the e ducation systems. In education systems of African countries, it was felt that there was no correlation between inputs and out puts as well as between costs and trys. Education policies were centred on the need of making the systems of education to be more efficient.That is, the education systems were supposed to achieve their output at the lowest cost and also get the greatest return for a given cost. According to Bishop (1989), most education systems in African countries after achieving independence were inefficient, particularly at secondary and higher levels. The inputs such as expenditure per student or teacher training did not seem to have the effects on test scores which educators anticipated. Therefore, education policies were designed in a manner that would make the education systems in newly independent African countries to be more efficient.Additionally, education in many African countries was dysfunctional. It relied heavily on rote learning and led to an inappropriate r everence for paper qualifications. Furthermore, most curricular in African countries were irrelevant to pupils future lives and created an imbalance with many school leavers unemployed. Consequently, African countries formulated policies which were aimed at addressing the challenges which were faced in education systems. Education as a means of fostering international consciousness Education policies in African countries were influenced by the need to foster international consciousness in learners.Education policies as complimented by the content of education provided to learners was supposed to ensure that positive attitudes towards other countries as well as the international community were upheld. This was emphasized because no country existed as an island. Each country depended on others for its prosperity. Therefore, it was essential that learners were provided with education that would instil international consciousness for the purpose of promoting cooperation among countries. CHAPTER THREE. 3.0 CONCLUSIONEducation policies in African countries after their achievement of independence were influenced by a number of factors. Some of the major factors which influenced education policies in African countries included manpower shortages, recognition of education as a basic human right, consideration of education as a tool for development, modernisation, improving education efficiency, need for citizens political participation, and promotion of international consciousness among learners as well as self reliance.Changes in education policies were inevitable due to the fact that African countries experienced change in government. A change in government is associated with an ideological shift, thus aspects of the education system in a given country will be in a continual state of reformation. Hence, changes occurred in education aspects such as content, teaching methodologies, assessment and structure.

Tuesday, February 26, 2019

Cool Runnings Essay

In the film Cool Runnings directed by Job Turteltaub had taught me many invaluable lessons for future life. Also a reference point had stood out for me whom is known as Derice, which had taught me even more. He has taught me about payload, inclination and also leadership and this is how it has compacted for myself. To begin with, Derice showed me that commitment could take me to the ultimate limit. Turteltaub apply techniques much(prenominal) as close-ups on Derices running shoes and his face. Meanwhile, as Derice is getting ready and focussing on his position, the setting is a dishy tropical island and an amazing ocean view, which tells me that he must be a local that lives in the beautiful island. Turteltaub also showed when Derices passion and commitment had impacted on his image it had stood out quite clearly, even though his gears were tiny rocks and a toilet paper roll in the beginning. Doesnt mean it could be consistent throughout his life.One day he could become an Oly mpic Champion which supports the Olympic Value pursuit of purity and fair play. Its important for teens resembling myself to learn these valuable lessons because outset a career, dream or passion now could brook a huge impact on what its passage to be like in the future. Lots of us teens are expiry through rejections and modest self-esteem so by following my dreams is what Im going to be heading for. Secondly, Turteltaub had showed me about determination. He also used techniques such as close-up of Derices face and Irving Blitzer (legendary dock double gold medallist) as Derice was trying to pursue Irv to be the first time Jamaican Bobsled coach. But Irv has been consistently rejecting his offer. Turteltaub has shown how Derice had felt afterwards, after facing his loss in the qualifying round for track racing.He was determined to find a way to get back into the Olympics. This emphasises that giving up your dream is an unaccented thing to do, because that is like a short cu t for being negative, merely by committing and being determined harder, at least youre going somewhere, which follows the Olympic value pursuit of excellence. Its important to learn these valuable lessons because as a teen myself, Ive been doubted in many diametric ways throughout my life, but because Ive been determined to make a change and prove them wrong, that was exactly what Ive done because I have been true to myself and standing against negativity. Thirdly, Turteltaub taught me about leadership. He showed this when Derice (close-up shot) had to lead by object lesson when his whole boblsled team crashed.

Production Management

1. A nations ability to compete with other nations impacts a business schema in the ara of A) Marketing B) Finance C) Ope proportionalityns D) Distribution E) all told told of the higher up2. Competitiveness doesnt include A) growthivity B) Effectiveness C) gainfulness D) Operations Strategy E) Operations counselling3. Cost cutting in international trading trading operations can take place because of A) cut back taxes and tariffs B) lower wage scales C) lower corroboratory costs D) slight stringent regulations E) all of the above4. Operations management involves continuous decision-making hopefully most decisions do will be A) redundant B) minor in nature C) quick D) quantitative E) none of the above5. A overlap package consists of A) the exterior wrapping B) the transport container C) a combination of goods and go D) goods if a manufacturing organisation E) client dealings if a attend organization6. Multinational organizations can shop from land to country and cut costs through A) lower wage scales B) lower indirect costs C) less stringent regulations D) lower taxes and tariffs E) all of the above7. Product target and choice of location argon mannequins of _______ decisions. A) strategic B) tactical C) operational D) customer focused E) externalise8. Scheduling personnel is an example of an operations management A) heraldic bearing implementation B) operational decision C) organizational schema D) useful constitution E) tactical decision9. Productivity is expressed as A) sidetrack plus stimulant drug B) output minus input C) output times input D) output divided by input E) input divided by output10. Which of the sideline is true most business strategies? A) An organization should stick with its strategy for the aliveness of the business. B) both crockeds within an industry will adopt the same strategy. C) head defined missions make strategy organic evolution much easier. D) Strategies are formulate one by one of SWOT a nalysis. E) Organizational strategies depend on operations strategies.11. Which of the adjacent activities takes place most immediately once the mission has been developed? A) The firm develops alternative or back-up missions in case the original mission fails. B) The functional field of honors develop their functional area strategies. C) The functional areas develop their supporting missions. D) The decennium OM decision areas are prioritized. E) Operational tactics are developed.12. What term describes how an organization expects to achieve its missions and goals? A) conditional expectation B) tactic C) SWOT D) strategy E) militant advantage13. Which of the chase is not a key step toward improving point of intersectionivity? A) developing productivity measures for all operations B) improving the stymie operations C) establishing reasonable goals for improvement D) considering incentives to reward workers E) converting bond debt to stock ownership14. The fundamental take o f an organizations mission statement is to A) create a good human relations climate in the organization B) define the organizations purpose in company C) define the operational structure of the organization D) generate good familiar relations for the organization E) define the functional areas required by the organization15. The ratio of good output to quantity of raw material input is called A) non-defective productivity B) process yield C) worker flavour measurement D) total quality productivity E) quantity/quality ratio16. Time-based approaches of business organizations focus on trim down the time to accomplish certain necessary activities. Time reductions seldom get into to A) product/service design time B) processing time C) pitch shot time D) response time for complaints E) internal audits17. Business organizations consist of collar major functions which A) overlap B) are mutually exclusive C) exist independently of each other D) function independently of each other E) do not interface with each other18. The external elements of SWOT analysis are A) strengths and weaknesses B) strengths and threats C) opportunities and threats D) weaknesses and opportunities E) strengths and opportunities19. Which of the pursuance is not one of the Ten Critical Decisions of Operations Management? A) location strategy B) human resources and job design C) managing quality D) design of goods and services E) determining the financial leverage position20. Which of the following is true? A) merged mission is influence by functional strategies. B) Corporate strategy is shaped by functional strategies. C) Functional strategies are shaped by incorporated strategy. D) External conditions are shaped by corporate mission. E) Functional area missions are merged to become the organizational mission.21. Operations management is applicable A) mostly to the service orbit B) to services exclusively C) mostly to the manufacturing sector D) to all firms, whether manufacturing or service E) to the manufacturing sector exclusively22. Which of the international operations strategies involves a focus on soaring cost reductions and low local reactivity? A) international strategy B) global strategy C) transnational strategy D) multidomestic strategy E) none of the above23. Which of the following is not a key factor of fight? A) price B) product differentiation C) flexibility D) after-sale service E) size of organization24. bon vivant Pretzels bakes soft pretzels on an assembly line. It currently bakes 800 pretzels each 8-hour shift. If the production is change magnitude to 1,200 pretzels each shift, the productivity increases by A) 50% B) 33% C) 25% D) 67%25. An operation that processes less than a previous operation is called a A) bottleneck B) multi-factor constraint C) parallel operation D) turnabout process E) tactical operation26. Which of the following is not a type of operations? A) goods production B) storage/ deportee C) entertainment D) communica tion E) all the above involve operations27. Which one of the following would not generally be classified under the heading of shift key? A) assembling B) teaching C) staffing D) farming E) consulting28. Which of the following is least likely to be a Cost Leadership competitive advantage? A) low operating expense B) effective capacity use C) inventory management D) broad product line E) mass production29. The ability of an organization to produce goods or services that have some uniqueness in their characteristics is A) mass production B) time-based opposition C) competing on productivity D) competing on flexibility E) competing on differentiation30. Which of the international operations strategies involves a focus on low cost reductions and high local responsiveness? A) international strategy B) global strategy C) transnational strategy D) multidomestic strategy E) none of the above31. Which of the following statements best characterizes delivery reliability? A) a company that al ways delivers on the same day of the week B) a company that always delivers at the promised time C) a company that delivers to a greater extent frequently than its competitors D) a company that delivers faster than its competitors E) a company that has a computerized delivery scheduling system32. Which of the following best describes experience differentiation? A) immerses consumers in the delivery of a service B) uses peoples five senses to enhance the service C) complements somatogenic elements with visual and sound elements D) consumers may become active participants in the product or service E) All of the above are elements of experience differentiation.33. Product design and process selection are examples of decisions that are A) financial B) tactical C) system design D) system operation E) forecasting34. The responsibilities of the operations manager are A) planning, organizing, staffing, procuring, and reviewing B) planning, organizing, staffing, directing, and controlling C ) forecasting, designing, planning, organizing, and controlling D) forecasting, designing, operating, procuring, and reviewing E) designing and operating35. Which of the following is not true about systems approach? A) A systems viewpoint is almost always beneficial in decision making. B) A systems approach emphasizes interrelationships among subsystems. C) A systems approach concentrates on capacity within subsystems. D) A systems approach is essential whenever something is being redesigned or improved. E) All of the above are true.36. Which of the following is not a characteristic of service operations? A) intangible output B) high customer contact C) high labor content D) diffused measurement of productivity E) low union of output37. Which of the following does not relate to system design? A) altering the system capacity B) location of facilities C) inventory management D) selection and acquisition of equipment E) natural arrangement of departments38. Which of the following i s not a benefit of using models in decision making? A) They provide a standardized format for analyzing a problem. B) They serve as a consistent tool for evaluation. C) They are easy to use and less expensive than dealing with the actual situation. D) All of the above are benefits. E) None of the above is a benefit.39. Which of the following is the best example of competing on low-cost leadership? A) A firm produces its product with less raw material waste than its competitors. B) A firm offers more genuine products than its competitors. C) A firms products are introduced into the market faster than its competitors products. D) A firms research and development department generates many ideas for new products. E) A firm advertises more than its competitors.40. Reasons to look at Operations Management include learning about A) how people send themselves for productive enterprise B) how goods and services are produced C) what operations managers do D) a costly part of the enterprise E) all of the above

Monday, February 25, 2019

Love and War in Tim Oâۉ„¢Brienâۉ„¢s The Things They Carried Essay

In The Things They Carried, as the title indicates author and Vietnam contend veteran Tim OBrien cargonfully describes all of the necessities of fightf aref atomic number 18 carried by the men with whom he divided the war. In addition to the weapons and gear necessary for survival they carried within themselves the images and memories of home. OBrien describes the sundry(a) articles carried by individuals as well as the heavier items they would take turns carrying. The heaviest were the things men carried interior (25). Because of the heaviness it was often too much for one man and they shared the weight of remembrance. They took up w chapeau others could no long-lived bear (14). OBrien indicates the heaviest memories were of lamb ones, particularly wives and filles. Obrien describes the characteristics of the memories of passionateness in a engagement zone, memories that could be a saving grace or a dangerous self-destructive weapon. Women engulf a very special place f or the men of OBriens platoon as they do for combat spends everywhere. The women they know and love, mothers, sisters, wives and young ladys, are tens of thousands of miles out. At measure they are as mentally and emotionally distant as they are in geographic terms. When firefights rage the soldiers ideals by necessity become resolved and focused on the chaos of combat surrounding them and the thought of women send word be fleeting or distracting. It may be a thought of the love one they hope to see if they survive, or the thought may distract them and cost them their life or the life of a nonher soldier.Women are as real as their vivid dreams yet upon awakening thither is the doubt they ever existed. The space they occupy is the anxious and unnerving foundation mixed with hope and doubt, happiness and depression. With their letters they provide a get in touch to the real solid ground once occupied by the soldiers who may interview if the women will be there for them if and when they return. The soldier may hope their girl partner will be there and doubt she will understand. The thought of the girlfriend may provide a solid foundation on which to give-up the ghost on another day, or with a businesslike John letter inadvertently provide a seemingly hopeless depression. The women occupy a space unlike any other space in the thoughts of the combat soldier. For Lieutenant Jimmy Cross the thought of Martha, a junior at Mount Sebastian College in unsanded Jersey was a constant engrossment (1). She was a daily part of his life, and he had a ritualistic fealty to viewing photographs of her. She was in many ways the embodiment of the contradictions women occupied in soldiers thoughts. She was not quite a serious girlfriend and lover who was given up to him and would be waiting for him. In fact their relationship before the war was one-sided And then suddenly, without willing it, he was thinking of Marthawhy so alone? Not lonely, just aloneand it was he r aloneness that filled him with love. He remembered telling her that one evening. How she n mirthfuled and looked away. And how, later, when he kissed her, she received the kiss without returning it (11-12). as yet Cross would not let go of his attachment to her. He goddam it for the death of one of his soldiers now Ted Lavender was dead because he loved her so much and could not stop thinking about her (7). He felt that because of his preoccupation with her he failed to supervise his men and as a result Lavender was shot. As a result Cross decides to enkindle her photos and letters. Now he hated her. Yes, he did. He hated her. Love, too, merely it was a hard, hating kind of love (24). His feelings for her were just one of the many contradictions of the war. In some ways women became al virtually magical, and occupied the superstitious and surreal world of the thoughts and actions of men in combat. Henry Dobbins carried his girlfriends pantyhose wrapped more or less his neck a s a comforter. They all carried ghosts (10). The stockings gave Dobbins the memories that comforted him. Later he became convinced it truly was a good-luck charm as a boobytrap failed to throw a fit after he tripped it and then survived a vicious firefight (117-118). For Dobbins and others the pantyhose gave access to a spiritual world and even after he receives a dear John letter he retains the pantyhose stating the magic doesnt go away (118). Other women, real or imagined came into the mens lives through their stories. The most dramatic stories are those that swirl stick out and for the across the border amid trivia and bedlam, the mad and the mundane (89). OBrien recounts the theme of the Sweetheart of the song Tra Bong, the girlfriend of a soldier who manages to have her visit him at his medical-aid base (89-91).Mary Ann is however seventeen years old, but rapidly adapts to the blood and gore of her boyfriends job and becomes a invaluable assistant treating the wounded. But then she becomes more and more fixated to the war, the culture and the milieu of Vietnam. She becomes friendly with, and then a part of a contingent of the grotesque and isolated greenies, Special Forces soldiers stationed at the base. She eventually becomes a part of them. curtly she cannot be found despite her boyfriends search. According to the story she began going out with the parkland Berets on combat missions. When she returned she was no longer what she had been.He had a hard time recognizing her. She wore a bush hat and filthy green fatigues she carried the standard M-16 automatic assault undress her face was black with charcoal. Mary Ann handed (her boyfriend) the weapon. Im exhausted, she said. Well lecturing later. (102)Despite her boyfriends effort to get her away from the Green Berets and send her home she is hooked Vietnam had the effect of a powerful medicine (114). Soon, the story goes, Mary Ann disappears into the jungle, never to be heard from again, on ly once in a while spotted as a ghostly figure in the jungle. It is as though she served as a metaphor for the space occupied by women in the war. They were far away in a land so remote it no longer seemed to exist. Then against all odds the soldier is able to literally import the woman he loves. Then the war changes everything and destroys the relationship. For OBrien women also occupy a dual yet mutually exclusive space in his life. His starting line young love is also his first collision with death. Although he and his girlfriend are only nine, OBrien know(s) for a fact that what we felt for each other was as deep and lively as love can ever get (228). Tragically she is woe from a fatal disease and dies. For OBrien the computer memory of her, like his memory of fallen comrades, is and of all time will be sharp and vivid.For OBrien the unconnected friends and lost girlfriend are united in death and brought back to life in the memories and stories of those who survive. It is t he vivid image of a casualty of the war that inexplicably reminds him of his young girlfriend Linda all day long Id been picturing Lindas face, the way she smiled (228). For OBrien the dead will always be in a sense alive. The fallen troops and Linda are all dead. But in a story, which is kind of dreaming, the dead sometimes smile and sit up and return to the world (225). If OBriens lost girlfriend is a link to the departed his daughter Kathleen is the mountain of life. He brings her to Vietnam when she is only ten, and seems to serve as the woman who will encourage him break his link to the deaths of Vietnam. She is too young to understand why her preceptor has journeyed off the normal tourist sites to find the spot where a friend was killed and the body lost in the mire of a swampy river.She witnesses him as he performs a ritual burial of his late friends moccasins in the spot they found his body. It is though she is his tether back to reality, the leave and life itself. Child like she chastises him for his actions and cannot understand the importance of the places she visits. She tells him he is weird for sexual climax back to Vietnam, innocently proclaiming Like coming over here. Some bleak thing happens a long time ago and you cant ever forget it (183). She presents the counterpoint of his life in Vietnam and it had to be an odd sensation for OBrien to see his daughter in an area of Vietnam that is drastically different than the Vietnam of OBriens death. It brings up the idea and question of whether OBrien, in his wildest thoughts during his combat in that location that his daughter would stand in the same spot years later. Unlike the other women of memories and dreams Kathleen is able to be in Vietnam with him and help close that chapter of his life. As she notices a Vietnamese granger staring at her father Kathleen asks if the old man is mad at her father. No, replies OBrien, All thats finished (188). For OBrien it seems as though he needs the fem ale characters to make the connection between love and war and life and death. It is not always a successful link. His beau soldier Norman Bowker had carried a picture of his girlfriend with him during his days and Vietnam but she had married. He saw her on his return, but while he could not bring himself to approach her and talk, he also could not pull himself from the memory and went past her house time and time (146). He later move suicide. Women seemed to occupy the same space and provide the same ironic and contradictory thoughts as Vietnam itself. They were vital to the combat soldiers, but not present with them, or present as a mysterious Mary Ann. They could give a soldier a reason to stay alive or a reason to care less about living. They could be a amazement to take a soldiers mind off of the war or a distraction which could contribute to the horror of war. Like Martha they could be loved and hated at the same time. Like combat itself the women in the soldiers thoughts were both intensely private and yet communal.Works CitedOBrien, Tim. The Things They Carried. New York Broadway Books, 1990.

Epistemology and Knowledge Essay

Epistemology, or the guide of familiarity, requires the scholar analyze the what, how, and whys of their own fri finisship. Asking these questions of themselves is fundamentally applying that which they fox learned. on that point ar different origins of knowledge as thoughtualized by philosophers, educators, and scientists. Early philosophers defined knowledge as justified true whim (Cooper, pg. 23). In order for an individual to know just aboutthing it must be true, he or she must conceptualize it, and the belief in it must be justified or rationally reasonable. Later, early modern philosophers required knowledge to be proven and absolute.The scientific method was employed to provide trial impression for ideas and beliefs. The means by which knowledge is learnd varies. Feldman cites sources of knowledge as perception, expert testimony, memory, reasoning, and self-examination (Feldman, 2003). As an educator, instructing primary age trail-age childs on a casual basis, I must non only have great insight into what I believe, but I also must have insight into my assimilators knowledge as well. Instructors command to know a enactment of things about their students, such as Do the students have adequate preliminary knowledge to fill wind the new material being presented?Are the students sufficiently motivated to engage in the cognitive tasks required of them? Does the cultivation fit out an existing scheme of knowledge or forget it require some alteration of current understanding? Understanding what my student know and at what depth they argon able to apply that knowledge guides my instruction. My natural curiosity, a natural inclination for question, and a need for answers motivate the search for explanations. companionship and wisdom give an understanding of our position, role, and function in the world.Achterbergh and Vriens (2002) stated, The role of knowledge in generating appropriate carry by dint ofs is that it serves as a patronize ground for articulating possible courses of fulfill (articulation), for judging whether courses of action will yielded the intended result and for using this impression in selecting among them (selection), for deciding how actions should be implemented and for actually implementing action (implementation) (pg. 223). cognition enables interpretation of experiences, predictions of consequences, and provides the ability to make informed decisions.My own personal epistemology is a product of each of these views. Personal experiences have a major process on beliefs and should be an acceptable source of knowledge but not the only consideration when acquiring knowledge. There is also a confide for the scientific method which offers proven data to base knowledge. For me, knowledge is a product of reasoning (Feldman, 2003). I derive knowledge from information trade through different modes and from various sources, such as personal experiences, advice from experts, and data.These inputs of information argon cognitively processed and filtered with the reference to past experience and prior knowledge to become new justified true beliefs (Cooper, ). Thus, knowledge encyclopaedism is a process involving the collection of newfangled data or information, reasoning, and notion making. For example, after my students have taken a test, I consider at the data, think about the images in the data, or the lack of a pattern using prior knowledge and experiences as a filter. Finally, I square up what my next stride or strategy will be.Do I need to reteach the subject because the pattern suggests that most of my students did not adepty understand the skill or concept? Or do I sit off on to another more complex skill or concept because my students have proven themselves knowledgeable? It is in this way that I acquire knowledge and apply that knowledge to planning lessons for my students. Many of my colleagues cuss entirely on the scientific method to make decisions i n regards to student learning. They are satisfied with looking at a spreadsheet full of data and believe that it tells the complete story in regards to students.They are also under the impudence that lashings derived from a series of multiple choice tests given on a set of skills will reveal if a student has acquired the in demand(p) knowledge. Basing swans on these tests is also appropriate. I do not believe that this tells the full story of my students knowledge. These tests may demonstrate the ability to spill this knowledge within a certain place setting, but out of this context this may not be true. I do, however, use this data to support inform many of my decisions, however, I do not make decisions base exclusively on this data.There must be a respiteof reasoning, using my 16 years of experiences and training, as well as raw data tells a more complete story of my students knowledge and abilities. I have worked for Porterville Unified School District (PUSD), in Porterv ille, California, my entire career. PUSDs vision and billing statements read as follows PUSD students will have the skills and knowledge to be prepared for college and career and to make a positive impact in a dynamic ball-shaped society. The mission of PUSD is to provide students a dynamic, engaging and strong educational experience that prepares them with the skills to be productive citizens in a global society. As a result, it is perceive that all students will develop and demonstrate critical thinking and hassle solving skills cultural awareness and the ability of collaborate with diverse groups trenchant communication skills of sense of hearing, speaking and writing creativity and innovation leadership, self-management and organizational skills obtained through real world applications and community involvement (and) the ability to navigate the global world of work and further their education (Porterville, 2012). Porterville Unified (PUSD) has given obvious expectations for what students should know at the end of their educational career with the govern, how students get to these end goals is a little less clear and left to the judgment of the teachers. There are some expectations of teachers and lessons presented to students given by the zone. Many professional festering hours have been spent on instructing teachers about the specific things that administrators will look for as they do brief observations of classroom instruction.The expectations include teaching explicitly to the essential standards posting of the essential standard being taught 80% student engagement during the lesson display of exemplary work higher order quizzical and thinking skills. Administrators collect this data and share it with grade levels and school all-embracing to help teachers management on areas that are lacking. Administrator walk-throughs give a quick snap shot of the type of teaching and learning fetching place during a lesson and they help to build a hol istic portray of the teaching methods and resources being used (Hetzner, 2011).PUSD has placed an emphasis on the strategies involve for effective lessons and, in turn, effective student learning. As a fourth grade teacher for Porterville Unified School District, my task is to create daily lesson plans that serve to guide me as I teach my students. My first step in creating these lessons is to determine my students level of prior knowledge. I can accomplish this by looking at formal and everyday assessments and data. Observation of this data gives me a better understanding of what my next travel with my student should be.In some cases, I need to go back and reteach skills, while in other cases I can teach my students a new skill. I have to make an informed decision as to what cognitive level I need to teach to next. Awareness of how my students are performing as well as where I need to be as far as pacing and staying on track to get through all the skills needed to be taught wi thin the year are vital to my daily task as a 4th grade teacher. As I compare my personal epistemology with that of my district, I realize that I spend more time assessing data after the lesson has been taught while the district places more emphasis on data collected during a lesson. some(prenominal) of these approaches are valuable and, in fact, the district does place value on the end result (i. e. State test scores), however, there is little action that can take place after the end of the year data is collected. PUSD has placed and emphasis on good instruction because they see it as the road to a good education, as well as, the skills and goals they have set in the mission and vision statements. Our epistemologies align in that we both rely on the research of experts.I trust, as does PUSD, that the data given by experts is valuable to our own knowledge and it should guide how I teach my students. The district also views its teachers as experts in the field and has given many free doms in the presentation and uses of resources when teaching students. As I reflect on my school districts focus as compared to me I realize that til now though our epistemologies are not exactly aligned we are aligned in our focus of the students. Students come first. That means I will use whichever strategies I need to in order to create effective student learning.Reviewing test scores and planning lessons are vital to student learning, however, I have been so centered on what I am teaching that my students have not been engaged as well as they could be and thus have not learned the subject matters to their full potential. Also, although pacing is important, it should not be of top priority. Top priority should be assessing my students during the lesson and changing strategies, or even the skills being taught, if my students are not engaged.There is no point in plowing through a lesson if the majority of my students are not listening to what is being taught. This new insight will definitely help to stick my instruction and will help make me a more effective teacher. References Achterbergh,J. , Vriens, D. (May-June 2002). Managing viable knowledge. Systems Research and Behavioral Science. V19i3p223 (19). Cooper, D. E. (Ed. ). (1999). Epistemology The classic readings. Malden, MA Blackwell. Feldman R. (2003). Epistemology.Upper lodge River, NJ Prentice Hall. Hetzner, Amy, 2011. Walk-throughs give school administrators firsthand view of supply in action. JSOnline Milwaukee, Wisconsin Journal Sentinel. May 14, 2011. Retrieved on November 20, 2012 from http//www. jsonline. com/news/education/121843078. hypertext markup language Porterville Unified School District, 2012 . PUSD Vision and mission statements. Retrieved on November 20, 2012 from http//dnn. portervilleschools. org/dotnetnuke/District/VisionMission. aspx.

Sunday, February 24, 2019

Walmart Risk Management

Options for dealing with risk Walmarts hiring practices could improve the situation by managing the hiring practices at the managers level. still though the telephoner has a no discrimination policy, giving beat responsibility to the manager at the local level may publicise prejudices that the managers themselves be not aware of . These prejudices might include providing higher salaries to young-begetting(prenominal) workers and a tendency to promote men over women. In the incite of the recent developments, Walmart has initiated several steps to win back the support of the women.Women appoint 70% of Walmarts work force at the floor level. Yet, women lone(prenominal) comprise 33% of Walmarts management. There is no doubt that Walmart has to edit policies in place that encourage and promote female employees. We propose the followers options for dealing with the issue 1. The statistics presented at the court hearing have shown that women were paid 80% of wages that men were paid for doing the very(prenominal) job. The difference of generate has to be leveled immediately.Walmart can make no excuses for paying differently for the same job. If the manager at the local level is responsible for hiring and compensation, policies should strictly furbish up the need for equal pay. 2. Walmart need a woman CEO or atleast 50% women on the board of directors and 50% women in the management. Walmart is a company that is comprised mostly of women at the floor level. The customers who shop most at Walmart are also women. The company cannot but take seriously the group that comprises its largest consumer group.In the rout out of the recent developments, Walmart has realized that a company is only as easily as its last good deed. Walmart has used . In a raw York TImes article dated September 14, 2011, Walmart announced that it planned to take place $ 20 billion over the next five years seek to source materials from women owned businesses. The article made headl ines under the name Walmart to proclaim women friendly plans as the company faced the possibility of being sued by independent plaintiffs after the class action law suit had been dismissed.

Leadership Theories Essay

Path-Goal creating a shared, popular terminal or vision and following through to reach the goal or vision by determining the best rails * defines goals, clarifies path, removes obstacles, provides endorse * designed to explain how leading can help subordinates along the path to their goals by selecting specific deportments that are best suited to subordinates need * in theory, it provides a set of assumptions almost how various leading styles inter suffice with characteristics of subordinates and the turn tail setting to affect the motivation of subordinates in practice, it provides direction about how drawshiphip can help subordinates to process their act as in a passable manner * verifying features of the path-goal theory* provides a useful theoretical manikin for understanding how various leading behaviors affect subordinates gratification and hunt transaction * it attempts to integrate the motivation principles of expectancy theory into a theory of leadershi p * provides a very practical assume it underscores and spunkylights the important ways leaders help subordinates * fairly straightforward an effective leader has to attend to the of necessity of subordinates * provides a set of general recommendations based on the characteristics of subordinates and tasks for how leaders should act in various items if they want to be effective it informs us about when to be directing, supportive, participative, or achievement oriented * leaders should adapt their styles to the daub or to the motivational* a leader must carefully evaluate the subordinates and their tasks, and then choose an appropriate leadership style to match those characteristics * needs of their subordinates, as well as utilize not only mavin of the leadership traits, merely a combination of them * Directive Leadership characterizes a leader who ripostes subordinates instructions about their task, including what is expected of them, how it is to be done, and the time line of work for when it should be completed * a directing leader sets clear standards of surgery and makes the rules and regulations clear to subordinates * Supportive Leadership consists of being friendly and approachable as a leader and includes attending to the well-being and humanneeds of subordinates * leaders using supportive behaviors go out of their way to make work pleasant for subordinates in addition, supportive leaders treat subordinates as equals and give them respect for their status* Achievement-Oriented Leadership characterized by a leader who ch whollyenges subordinates to act work at the highest level possible * The leader establishes a high standard of excellence for subordinates and seeks continuous improvement * In addition to expecting a lot from subordinates, achievement-oriented leaders show a high spirit level of reliance that subordinates are capable of establishing and put to deathing ch entirelyenging goals * Subordinate Characteristics determine how a leaders behavior is interpreted by subordinates in a granted work context * Researchers have focused on subordinates needs for stand, preferences for structure, desires for pull wires, and self-perceived level of task ability * these characteristics and many others determine the degree to which subordinates find the behavior of a leader an immediate source of satisfaction or instrumental to some future satisfaction* needs for affiliation prefer supportive leadership because friendly and concerned leadership is a source of satisfaction * desires for control path-goal theory suggests that for subordinates with an internal locus of control participative leadership is most satisfying because it allows them to feel in charge of their work and to be an integral part of decision making * subordinates perception of their declare ability as subordinates perception of their own abilities and competence goes up, the need for directive leadership goes downSocial Change channelise for the common secure mortal, assembly, and societal values are fundamental to change * guides the design of a leadership development program that emphasizes clarification of values, development of self-awareness, ability to trust, might to listen and serve others, collaborative work, and change for the common good * canonic premise is that values demand a conscious focus, that leadership ought to gain about desirable social change, that leadership is a process and not a position, that all students are potential leaders (principle of inclusiveness), and that service is a powerful vehicle for developing leaders * these premises differentiate this amaze from earlier theories as it does not focuson the development of leadership skills * includes learning, developing, and implementing core values, the Seven Cs of Social Change, which are required in individual, group, and participation leadership * Personal/Individual look upons-* Consciousness of Self performer knowledge of yourself, or simply self-awareness it is awareness of the values, emotions, attitudes, and beliefs that motivate one to reckon actions * Congruence thinking, feeling, and behaving with consistency, genuineness, authenticity, and honesty toward others consistent with their most deeply held beliefs and convictions * Commitment implies vividness and duration in relation to a person, idea, or activity requires a significant involvement and investment of self in the object of commission and in the intended outcomes it is the energy that drives the collective effort essential to accomplishing change * Group Values-* Collaboration a central value in the model that views leadership as a group process increases group potentiality because it capitalizes on the multiple talents and perspectives of each group member, using the power of that sort to generate creative solutions and actions * Common Purpose develops when people work with others deep down a shared set of aims and values share d aims facilitate group members engagement in collective analyses of the issues and the task to be undertaken best achieved when all members of the group build and share in the vision * Controversy with politeness recognizes two fundamental realities of any group effort first- differences in standpoint are inevitable and valuable, second- such differences must be aired openly and with respect and courtesy disagreements bring valuable perspectives and information to the collective group, but eventually need to be resolved * Societal and Community Value* Citizenship names the process whereby the self is responsibly connected to the environment and the community it acknowledges the interdependence of all involved in the leadership effort recognizes that effective democracy requires individual responsibility as well as individualrightsSituational involves using different types/styles of leadership at specific times which interpolate and are determined buy each situation made of direc tive and supportive behavior * motivation is key* basically just ever-changing leadership based on the situation * involves directive and supportive behavior* Directive Behavior one way communication helps group members accomplish goals, includes what is to be done and how it is to be done * Supportive Behavior two way communication helps group members feel comfortable about themselves, their coworkers, and the situationTranformational process where leader creates a connection with others to create a positive change * Developmental in nature* Attentive to the needs of the followers and aids them in reaching their full potential * Moves followers to accomplish more than what is usually expected of them * About positive change* a combination of idealized influence, individualized consideration, inspiration motivation, and intellectual stimulation * Pros vs Cons* widely studied & accepted* Involves individuals and followers* Gives a broad view on leadership* powerfulness be innate r ather than learned* Might be abused* Pseudotransformational leaders who are transformational in a banish way * Uses warped values to negatively lead followers (i.e. Hitler, store Laden, etc.)Ethical involve virtuous values and morals in all decision-making * ethics is a dimension of all leadership theories* ethical leadership involves serving others, building community, justice, honesty, and respect* concept dates back to classic philosophers Plato and Aristotle * comes from Greek word ethos which translates to characterReferencesNorthouse, Peter Guy. Leadership Theory and Practice. Thousand Oaks wise Publications, 2010. Print.

Saturday, February 23, 2019

Conoco Report Essay

Last week I attended Forresters meat & Collaboration Forum 2011. Forrester nones that in five years, almost half of US drop deaders ab unwrap 63 million people will work virtually. I am already one of them. This will change everything in oeuvre IT support from designing workplace information strategies for collaboration, to delivering content experiences tothe firm. For this international, integrated skill company with thousands of job sites (often quite remote) spread across 30 countries, the challenge of sharing familiarity was very real and the potential payoff was large. veneering fierce competition on all fronts, ConocoPhillips knew that to continue on its mastery trajectory, it needed to rapidly and effectively harness the association of its highly experienced but geographically distributed workforce. Instead of assuming that technology either was the termination or was irrelevant when creating online communities, senior managers understood that effective global communities necessitate new processes, roles, cultures, and technologies.Moreover, they recognized that to all(prenominal) one had to be focused on answer difficult business challenges. Seven years later, the ConocoPhillips fellowship-sharing program is ranked as best-in-class across industries. Dan mentioned that Conoco Phillips is fourth largest traded company in US with 30,000 employees around the friendship base and some(prenominal) contractors who in any case participate in their knowledge sharing. They have been umpteen changes in the last 12 years as a hail of companies were acquired, along with the merger of Conoco and Phillips. This activity has triggered a blown-up need for knowledge sharing. He likes the term knowledge sharing rather than knowledge instruction. I completely agree. Dan said it is about getting people to talk to each other. Trust is important for this.They are now going to reorganize and the unwavering state of their knowledge assets will help with this apparent motion. Dan said that more than 70% of their good ideas have come from their employees. Good things happen when employees talk to each other. Dan said that his boss is the SVP of Planning and Strategy and he reports to the CEO so people listen to him as where you sit in the org chart matters inside his firm. I think this is true for most firms. The most successful KM efforts I have seen all have a senior shit of rank and respect in the organization. Most KM throngs are hardened too far down the hierarchy to be effective. Their KM effort started when a senior executive felt they were re-inventing things too much. The focus was invariably connecting people more than collectingdocuments. They grew by sharing success stories. share-out these success stories was connected to their variable compensation plan and this really triggered response.They started the Archimedes Awards to knowledge sharing. Categories are Give, Grab, Gather, and Guts. Dan gave some example s about safety improvements that also led to big financial returns. They have documented over 9 billion dollars in gains through the program. Dan said that they have functional excellence models that give specifics for improvements. They call down purposeful collaboration. Dan said serendipity can be useful at time but being purposeful works best in their firm. He said that knowledge accumulates in networks and their firm has a matrix organization. leaders behavior is important for knowledge to flow and manager support for knowledge sharing is critical. They now have 150 networks of excellence. The first few were launched in 2005.They had 20 by the end of the year. These networks were built on trust and relationships, not technology. Prior efforts failed because they were technology focused. He showed an example covering upstream rotating equipment. A big problem is lost production opportunity. There is a group that addresses this issue to keep equipment running safely. Networks a re open to all employees, not just group members. Related networks are connected because issues are colligate across networks. Their implore and hash out component has led to 100,000 exchanges. He does not believe in formal lessons learned. It takes too much time. Informal connections work better.I would agree and add the formal lessons learned become out of date very quickly and talking with people gives the most afoot(predicate) ideas. People want to help each other but they also want answers quickly. Dan showed a diagram of all the cross-connections. They are massive. Knowledge silos do not seem to an issue for them. They have three main tools Ask and Discuss, Knowledge Library, and One Wiki.The wiki is the first place to look for content. Ask and Discuss was covered above. All of their success stories have an economic impact. One had 87 million dollars of benefits. Sharing this is important. Giving credit to the employees is critical. Getting middle managers on board was don e through conveying business value of knowledge sharing. It was fun for me to hear about a successful knowledge management effort as I used to be involved with many in the 90s and early 2000s.

The Things They Carried – Dialogue and Materials

Themes and Dialogue of OBrien in The Things They Carried state of struggle has d bingle worldy horrible things to many hatful throughout epoch wholly over the world. War experience filled with death, suspense, and constant worry has swept through millions and millions of people who are still scared by the horrific experience. To near so horrific that a habitual life, smudge warfare, was al more or less unbearable. But some were able to take the experience and partake it to the world.Tim OBrien is a perfect example of this. OBrien was born in 1946 in the Midwest, scarcely once of age was drafted into the Vietnam War. OBrien all served for one year from 1969 to 1970, exactly nevertheless, the memories gathered in that year lasted him a lifetime. (Herzog) These memories, though some held them in, OBrien intaked them to transform his writings to some of the most accurate and touching magic spells about war in our generation. They established OBrien as on of the most di stinguished soldier-authors of the Vietnam generation furthermore, they establish his repute as one of Americas most notable postmodern writers not only for his themes moreover also for the structure of his books and his exploration from multiple perspectives of puzzleatic nature of truth and reality (Herzog, 78). OBrien was a man who had an objective to be original and construct all of his memories to anformer(a)(prenominal)s the best elan he could. And the only way to do that was his way.In an interview of OBrien, Herzog quotes from him In this new book The Things They Carried I forced myself to try and invent a form. I had never invented form before. His writings are unique and compared to the normal dialogue of introducing characters OBrien takes a distinguishable approach and makes his own style. In the book The Things They Carried, OBrien uses materialistic belongings to show his experiences from a different perspective on war and the people in it without the immediate use of dialogue. OBriens invoice The Things They Carried is a story of company of custody that are in the Vietnam War.These men are normal people, called into duty of war by draft. though each person is not introduced by age, and what their muniment was, they way they are introduced is by what they require in their endless crack through unknown jungles. But though they are introduced by only what their position and what they charter, the personal level of knowing a character is erupt than ever. The first man introduced is First lieutenant Jimmy Cross. He is the loss leader of all the men and whom e trulyone answers to. But for a man that is the one in charge his mind is everywhere but on the war.He carries letter and 2 photos from a girl get wordd Martha from home and keeps a pebble in his mouth that she displace him. He is madly in love with her but all of her letters are not love letters from a significant other but estimable friendly letters. They were not love lett ers, but Lieutenant Cross was hoping, so he kept them folded in plastic at the bottom of his rucksack (LaPlante, 79). He wants to be focused on the war but his loving thoughts of her haunts him and takes him away from the reality of war he is in. It took him as untold as a fellow soldier getting go in the head before he knew how much a problem he had.The machine gunner was a man by the name of Henry Dobbins. Being the machine gunner he had to carry a twenty-three pound gun unloaded, but it was always loaded, and fifteen pounds cost of ammunition strapped around his chest and shoulders. Personally he was introduced as a enormous man that carried Black Flag insecticide, and extra food rations. Though not a huge introduction, he can still be known as a person but also with some mystery of who he is. From his belongings, Sanders can be seen as a big man that would be a brute force character in the company, but also a vital part to the company.His responsibility as the machine gunner with all the weight and his importance in mesh puts him as a leader and a trusted man that people can rely to. His character and personality as a intemperate man, who can be there when he is needed, and do whatever of necessity to be done can be seen alone from OBriens writings without any dialogue needed. Just from his position and his responsibilities his character withal personality can be understood and noticed. The RTO or the man who had to carry the radio was named Mitchell Sanders. The radio he had to carry was twenty-six pounds with its battery.He also carries condoms and starched tiger fatigues for special occasions. He is an important man to the crew but he also can be seen as a unclouded guy, more some of the others. He carries condoms even with no need for them at all and Norman Bowker, one of the other soldiers, carries a thumb that Sanders had prune off of a Vietnamese kid only fifteen or sixteen. So Sanders can be seen as not as much of a serious guy but still r esponsible decorous to have the responsibilities of the holding on the their only way of communication.Dave Jensen was introduced with being all about personal hygiene. He carried a toothbrush, dental floss, several forbid of soap taken from hotels, three extra pairs of socks, and Dr. Scholls foot powderize for trench foot, earplugs, and extra sand bags for extra protection at night, and for irrational reasons a rabbits foot. His position in the company is never mentioned but immediately by looking at all of the things he carries, it is seen he carries almost twice as much as anyone else. through his items his personality of being over cautious stands out.He is not a very big character in the story but because of how OBrien distinctly shows how cautious and scared he is to make him a bigger character. Everyone is important in the company and when OBrien talks about Jensen, he is referring to a quarter of the soldiers that were in war that were just like him. Though these are j ust a few to the many he introduces to the reader, all from OBriens different writing style can be experience and enjoyed more. OBrien with his writings uses materials of what the soldiers carry to almost control the reader about how to feel about the character, and used this writing style in other books of his.His writing style can take you inside of the different soldiers bosom and mind and with the different stories in The Things They Carried other detail are added to the story so nobody can know if his stories are real or true. This gives readers more freedom to have personal opinions. The element of perception has to do with uncertainty. The whole stew of variables determines what we perceive and what call real (Herzog, Interview). OBriens writing style all has a purpose with its creativity.The Things that they carry are not only the materialistic things that the soldiers personally have but it could be anything. Things is framed around the burdens we carry, not just war, not just physical, but spiritual as well (Herzog, Interview). Just speciateing a story wasnt enough OBrien wanted the reader to make it it, to experience it like he did with his writing style. He wanted to tell you the story but leave mystery, his writing style was an attempt to continue readers mind further than ever before. OBrien said, A good piece of fiction, in my view, does not offer solutions.Good stories deal with our moral struggles, our uncertainties, our dreams, our blunders, our contradictions, our endless pursuance for understanding. Good stories do not resolve the mysteries of the human spirit but rather descried and expand upon those mysteries (LaPlante, 587) Sources 1. Herzog, Tobey C. Tim OBrien. New York, NY Twayne Publishers, 1997. Print. 2. Egri, Lajos. The art of dramatic writing. Touchstone, 1960. Print. 3. LaPlante, Alice. Method and Madness. W W Norton Co Inc, 2009. Print. 4. Herzog, Tobey C. Unpublished interview with Tim Obrien. Cambridge, Mass. , 11-12 J uly 1995

Friday, February 22, 2019

The pros and cons of a database management system (DBMS) for a new a newly established multi-campus

This assignment is an attempt to demonstrate a survey paper ab egress the pros and cons of a learningbase solicitude remains ( informationbase steering trunk) for a sunrise(prenominal) a sweetly established multi-campus Mpokeleshi University library in Muchinga province of Zambia. It upgrade conduces sufficiently clear arguments to enable the vice-chancellor fuck off an informed decision on the way forward. The paper depart first define the major concepts on a lower floor analyse before outlining the pros and cons of a infobase concern dodging (DBMS) and finally give sufficiently clear arguments to enable the vice-chancellor make an informed decision on the way forward.DEFINITIONS OF MAJOR CONCEPTSTo begin with argon the definitions of major concepts under review and these are pros and cons, and database management dodge (DBMS). According to the oxford university dictionary, pros and cons mean returnss and dis proceedss or arguments for and against something. A database management ashes (DBMS) on the other hand fanny be broken down and be defined as single concepts as follows data are the raw facts or figures which are mathematical operati onenessd to construct the information. A database is a collection of data stored in a similar format, designed to be processed, divided up by different users and may throw away single or multiple tables organized in rows and columns.Therefore, a database management corpse (DBMS) privy be defined as a bundle that defines a database, stores the data and supports a query language, produces reports, and creates data entry forms, (Laudon, 2000221). Others pass defined a database management ashes as a tangled set of software programs that controls the organization, storage, management, and retrieval of data in a database.ADVANTAGES OF DATABASE guidance SYSTEMSDatabase management system (DBMS) is a central system which provides a roughhewn interface between the data and the various front-end pro grams in the finish. It also provides a central location for the full-length data in the application program to occupy. Database management system (DBMS) has some(prenominal) advantages and among them includes minimal data redundancy since the whole data resides in ace central database, the various programs in the application can access data in different data charge ups. Therefore, data present in nonpareil file need not be duplicated in some other file thus reducing dataredundancy which in turn leads to better data consistency (Obrien, 2003).The other notable advantage of database management system (DBMS) is data integration since related data is stored in one single database, enforcing data lawfulness is overlots easier. Moreover, the functions of the database management system (DBMS) can be use to enforce the integrity rules with minimum programme in the application programs. Data sharing is another advantage of a database management system (DBMS) Related data can be shared across programs since the data is stored in a centralised manner. Even impertinent applications can be developed to operate against the aforementioned(prenominal) data since several users can access and use the same data for different purposes, provided they are authorized users, as you might be aware that databases are ordinarily protected by passwords to avoid unauthorised users from accessing and or manipulating such(prenominal) database nub (Date, 2003268-276).Enforcement of standards and better controls are also achieved overdue to the centralized nature of the system. Standards in the organization and structure of data files is required, and is also easy in a data system since it is one single set of programs which is always interacting with the data files. Another advantage which gives database management system (DBMS) a plus is application development ease the application programmer need not habitus the functions for handling issues like concurrent access, secur ity, data integrity to mention precisely a few, the programmer instead only needs to implement the application business rules.This indeed brings in application development ease because add-on of additional functional modules becomes easier than in file-based systems. Nijssen, (1976158) outlines that data independence is yet another merit of database management system (DBMS) He outlines that data independence is cave in an upper direct from the changes in the organization or structure of a lower level. For example, if changes in the file organization of a data file do not demand for changes in the functions in the database management system (DBMS) or in the application programs, data independence is achieved. He nevertheless defines that data as immunity of applications to change in physical facsimile and access techniques.The provision of data independence is one of the major objectives of database systems due to the architectural nature of a database management system (DBMS) which can be viewed as a three level system comprising the internal or physical level where the data resides, theconceptual level which the level of the DBMS functions and last but not the least the external level which is the level of application programs or the end users. Due to the centralized nature of a database management system (DBMS) maintenance appeal is reduced thus story for yet another advantage of DBMS.It is generally acceptable that it costs overmuch less to create a system of shrimpyer computers with the equivalent queen as a single large and dear(predicate) computer. This makes it more cost-efficient for corporate divisions and departments to book separate and less expensive computers. It is also much more cost-effective to add workstations to a network than to update a mainframe system. Another dimension of cost reduction is taking advantage of economies of scale. It is generally argued that the cost of processing and maintenance of individual and geographi cally removed systems may be expensive as contend to processing and maintaining a centralized system which may be much economical because the technological expertise required for running game such a Byzantine system can be centralized or concentrated at one put hence reducing the cost which could hold back been incurred for running separate and geographically remote systems (Conolly, 1997).DISADVANTAGES OF DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMSDespite the various advantages of database management systems (DBMS), it is worth pointing out that it has its own shortcomings or disadvantages or earlier challenges, and some of them include confidentiality, screen and security It is worth noting that when information is centralized and is accessed by a coarse number of users remotely, the possibility of abuse are often more, as opposed to a conventional data processing system, thereby compromising the levels of confidentiality, privacy and security. Therefore, to reduce the chance of unautho rized users from accessing and abusing sensitive information, it is necessity to take technical, administrative, and maybe legal measures to curb such abuse if a database management system (DBMS) is to continue to serve its intended purpose of informing, entertaining and indeed educating the people (Laudon, 2004223).Similarly, since the database is accessible to many users remotely, adequate controls are needed to control unauthorized users from updating data on the database if data quality and data integrity are to be maintained. Additionally, with the increased number of users accessing data directly, there are greateropportunities for the users to wrong the database unless there are suitable controls put in place to ensure data accessibility and quality is not compromised. green light vulnerability is yet another challenge of a database management system (DBMS). It is worth noting that centralizing all the data of an enterprise in one database may mean that such a database b ecomes an indispensable and a tried resource.Therefore, the survival of the enterprise may depend on reliable information being available on its database all the time. If the risk of possible vilify is left unchecked by overlooking adequate maintenance and upgrading, the whole enterprise therefore becomes vulnerable to higher impact of adversity. According to (Conolly, 1997689), complexness and cost account for another demerit of a database management system (DBMS). It is common knowledge that a complex conceptual design process needs multiple external well qualified staff with the necessary technical expertise, who are in most instances scarce and possibly expensive to hire.The fact that a complex system requires additional and or new hardware and software for maintenance and or upgrading which are expensive eve worsens the prohibitory cost of running an effective database management system (DBMS) for small enterprises as they normally struggle with cost justification for maki ng such huge investments in the infrastructure, or backup and recovery in cases of damage and or ruin of the system.JUSTIFICATION FOR A DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR A MULTI-CAMPUS UNIVERSITY LIBRARYDespite the preceding(prenominal) outlined disadvantages of database management systems (DBMS), it is worth noting that the advantages of DBMS outweigh the disadvantages and some of the weaknesses should be viewed as mere challenges of database management systems (DBMS) as opposed to being disadvantages because they can be mitigated. For example, the challenges of cost of running a complex database management system can be mitigated by cutting the relative cost of data transmission across the network by introducing local access.It may be much more economical to partition the application and consummate the processing locally at each site or rather at each at each campus library of the multi-campus university. Furthermore, the challenge of prohibitive cost of kick starting and or runn ing a complex database management system (DBMS) can also be minimized by the application of what is known as the Groshs law of economics which argues that reason antecedent is calculated according to the square of thecost of the equipment three measure the cost could provide nine times of power, which is why it costs much less to create a system of small computers with the equivalent power of a single large computer.This makes it more cost-effective for corporate divisions and departments to obtain small separate computers, which in this case can be equated to running a small and cost-effective library networks at each site of the multi-campus university (Conolly, 1997688). He goes on to argue that a distributed database management system (DDBMS) could be ideal for a multi-campus university library as opposed to a centralized database management system (CDBMS) due to improved availability and improved reliability.On the one hand, improved availability is enhanced in the sense tha t unlike in a centralized database management system (CDBMS) where a computer failure can terminate the operations of the database management system (DBMS), conversely, a failure at one site of a distributed database management system (DDBMS) or a failure of a communication link making same sites inaccessible does not render the entire system inoperable. It is however mind-boggling to note that in this type of a system, if a single pommel fails, the system may be able to reroute the failed nodes orison to another site hence improving availability to various users of a multi-campus university library.On the other hand, improved reliability is also achieved because data may be replicated so that it exists in more than one site, similarly, the failure of a node or a communication link does not necessarily make the data inaccessible to various users of a multi-campus university library. Last but not the least, in a multi-campus library setup, data can physically reside nearest to wh ere it is most often accessed, thus providing users with local control of the data that they interact with. This results in local autonomy of the data allowing users to enforce locally the policies regarding access to and or manipulation of their database management system (DBMS).CONCLUSIONIn conclusion, database management systems (DBMS) have keep to make data arrangement, storage, access and retrieval much easier than it used to be in the olden days. With the emergency of the relative model of database management systems (which is a software that is used to create and use a relational database-which in turn is a database that conforms to the relational model, and refers to a databases data and schema), much of thebig challenge associated with handling large and complex databases has been reduced. With the continued and advances in research, it is highly expectant that more and advanced database management products will be availed on the market to improve on the existing ones hen ce further minimizing the challenges of running a complex database management system.