Vietnam War Short Stories Essay -- Literary Analysis

The Vietnam War was the first war in history to be commit on national television. Due to the increasing popularity of television ownership and the introduction of the nightly news programs such as CBS and NBC, the horrors of war found a home in living rooms across the country. Between 1965 and 1975, nine million people served in the Vietnam War, and of those nine million, 58,156 were killed or declared missing in natural action (Vietnam War Statistics.). Of the 58,156 soldiers killed, 11,465 of them were under the age of twenty (Statistics about the Vietnam War). After surviving the war, Tim OBrien and Susan ONeill wrote rook stories and novels including Tim OBriens The Things They Carried, and Susan ONeills The Boy from Montana. By putting audiences in the shoes of the grunts led by Lieutenant Jimmy Cross and the surgical gloves of Agnes Reedy, Tim OBrien and Susan ONeill immortalized the struggles see by their compatriots and themselves.The things they carried is a short story about Lieutenant Jimmy Cross leading his manpower through Vietnam. OBrien describes all of the things carried by the men as a way to symbolize all of the burdens they had. One thing that Lieutenant Jimmy Cross carries is a pack of letters from Martha, a female child he was in love with (OBrien). One night Ted Lavender, one of the men in Lieutenant Crosss squad, left to use the bathroom and on his return, is shot and killed (OBrien).This causes Cross to realize that his main priority is to lead his men, not swoon over a woman (OBrien). The Boy from Montana is a short story about Agnes Reedys account of watching a boy die in the field hospital she worked at in Vietnam. She says that she estimation that all death was the same, but one day s... ...Short Stories of Vietnam. New York Ballantine, 2001. 3-11. Print. Roush, Gary. Statistics about the Vietnam War. Vietnam Helicopter Flight Crew Network (VHFCN). 2 June 2008. Web. 18 Mar. 2012. . Taormina, Agatha. Author write Tim OBrien. Northern Virginia Community College. Www.nvcc.edu, 10 Mar. 2011. Web. 16 Mar. 2012. . Tim OBrien Interview The Things He Carried. Interview by David L. Edelman. Wordpress, 19 Oct. 1994. Web. 17 Mar. 2012. . Vietnam Veterans Terminology and Slang. VIETNAM VETERANS HOME PAGE. 22 Mar. 2000. Web. 15 Mar. 2012. .Vietnam War Statistics. The Mobile Riverine Force Association. Web. 18 Mar. 2012. .

Essay example --

Acid RainThe topic of this paper is vinegarish deposition, also known as blistering Rain. Acid rainwater is recklessness, as rain, snow or sleet containing relatively spunky concentration of acid forming chemicals. As the pollutants from coal, smoke, chemical manufacturing, and smelting, that take on been released into the atmosphere and merge with water vapor, the slanderous deposition is created (http//dictionary.reference.com/browse/acid+rain). Acid rain affects many things greatly.Acid rain affects many different things and is very(prenominal) harmful to the surroundings. superstar aspect of the environment that is greatly affected by acid rain is priming coat. Acidic rain makes its way into the soil by rain falling out the branches and leaves to the soil below. urine runs through the soil on its way to different bodies of water. A process called buffering is used to neutralize acids using the base nutrients (including calcium and magnesium) base in soil (Tyson , 1992). This process helps soil resist the effects of acid rain. Thinner soils that have fewer nutrients are to a greater extent vulnerable to the effects of acid rain. Thicker soils are more affective at buffering acid rain. Over many years soils that arent the best at buffering out acid rain stooge become more and more acrid. This leads to a decrease in the ability to support healthy plant life. Over time soils may become so acidic that aluminum dissolves and is carried by rain water into bodies of water. Aluminum that is dissolved is very toxic and harmful to all aquatic life.Areas of higher elevation, such as high mountain areas, are more sensitive to the effects of acid rain. The soils are thinner and therefore are unable to buffer acid rain as well as thicker soil at lower elevations (Tyson, 1992). At high ele... ...ns use in their homes, the fewer chemicals that power plants use the fewer that will have to be emitted in to the air. Today there are laws on ho w much pollution is allowed to be put out in the air these laws have make significant changes. catalytic converters in cars help reduce emissions. There has been reduction in the amount of acid rain causing pollutant to the air by humans. easterly Canada set a cap of 2.3 million tons of sulphur dioxide to be met by 1994 and maintained until 2000. In Canada several sulphur dioxide reduction targets for provinces to the east of Manitoba-Saskatchewan to date this cap. Roughly halve of the sulphur dioxide emissions were intended to be cut by this reduction.Acid rain affects many things in our world greatly. Acid rain is precipitation that has been released into the atmosphere and is very harmful and can do lots of damage. Essay example -- Acid RainThe topic of this paper is acid deposition, also known as acid Rain. Acid rain is precipitation, as rain, snow or sleet containing relatively high concentration of acid forming chemicals. As the pollutants from coal, smoke, chemical manufacturing, and smelting, that have been released into the atmosphere and combine with water vapor, the harmful deposition is created (http//dictionary.reference.com/browse/acid+rain). Acid rain affects many things greatly.Acid rain affects many different things and is very harmful to the environment. One aspect of the environment that is greatly affected by acid rain is soil. Acidic rain makes its way into the soil by rain falling off the branches and leaves to the soil below. Water runs through the soil on its way to different bodies of water. A process called buffering is used to neutralize acids using the base nutrients (including calcium and magnesium) found in soil (Tyson, 1992). This process helps soil resist the effects of acid rain. Thinner soils that have fewer nutrients are more vulnerable to the effects of acid rain. Thicker soils are more affective at buffering acid rain. Over many years soils that arent the best at buffering out acid rain can become increasingly acidic. This leads to a decrease in the ability to support healthy plant life. Over time soils may become so acidic that aluminum dissolves and is carried by rain water into bodies of water. Aluminum that is dissolved is very toxic and harmful to all aquatic life.Areas of higher elevation, such as high mountain areas, are more sensitive to the effects of acid rain. The soils are thinner and therefore are unable to buffer acid rain as well as thicker soil at lower elevations (Tyson, 1992). At high ele... ...ns use in their homes, the fewer chemicals that power plants use the fewer that will have to be emitted in to the air. Today there are laws on how much pollution is allowed to be put out in the air these laws have made significant changes. Catalytic converters in cars help reduce emissions. There has been reduction in the amount of acid rain causing pollutant to the air by humans. Eastern Canada set a cap of 2.3 million tons of sulphur dioxide to be met by 1 994 and maintained until 2000. In Canada several sulphur dioxide reduction targets for provinces to the east of Manitoba-Saskatchewan to meet this cap. Roughly halve of the sulphur dioxide emissions were intended to be cut by this reduction.Acid rain affects many things in our world greatly. Acid rain is precipitation that has been released into the atmosphere and is very harmful and can do lots of damage.

Egypt :: essays research papers

EgyptEgypt is a Middle Eastern country located in the northeast corner of Africa. A small part of Egypt, called the Sinai Peninsula, is located in Asia. desert cover most of Egypt, so it gets little rain, moreover the longest river in the world, the Nile River, flows through the desert and is key to living for many Egyptians. Almost all of Egypts population, about 99%, is located near the Nile or along the Suez Canal, another body of water important to Egyptian life, although together they cover only quartet percent of Egypts total land. The largest city, Cairo, has a population of about 6 million. About 10 million people live in the Cairo metropolitan area. Alexandria, a port city, is the second largest. Egyptian cities are extremely displace and have inadequate public transportation, causing lots of traffic. They do have crowded streetcars and trains, though.Many Egyptians consider themselves Arabs. The Bedouins, who are nomads, make up a distinct ethnic minority among the Ar ab population. Most have settled down on farms, but some tribes still wander. The major non-Arab minority are the Nubians. They originally lived in villages along the Nile in northern Sudan and the very bottom of Egypt, called the Nubian Valley. When the Aswan High Dam was constructed in the 1960s, it forced the Nubians to move higher up on the Nile.Arabic is the official language of Egypt. Regional Arabic dialects have their own variations of sounds and words. The most widely utilize dialect is that of Cairos. The Bedouin dialect is different from the settled residents of the Nile Valley. Some people in desert villages even peach Berber. Many educated Egyptians also speak English or French in addition to Arabic.Egyptian city life is much different than its village life. City residents deal with normal city problems such as housing shortages and traffic. Most of city residents live in poverty, although others enjoy special conveniences and services. Villagers regularly live much l ike their ancestors did hundreds of days ago, getting by growing crops and tending animals.Egyptian cities have a wide range of wealth. Good-looking residential areas exist near widespread slums. miss of satisfactory housing is a major problem. Many people live together in small apartments. Others build makeshift huts on land that belongs to others, or on roofs of apartments. Some of Cairos poorest citizens take shelter in historic tombs on the outskirts of the city, in a place call the City of the Dead.

Grapes of Wrath Essay: Theme of Strength Through Unity -- Grapes Wrath

Theme of Strength Through Unity in The Grapes of Wrath   The traditional human family represents a necessary transition amongst self and community. In the difficult era of the 1930s, the familys role shifted to guard against a hostile outside world rather than to provide a link with it. With the drouth in the Dust Bowl and other tragedies of the Great Depression, many were forced to look beyond the traditional family unit and embrace their kinship with others of similar necessity. In his novel The Grapes of Wrath, John Steinbeck uses the theme of strength through unity to comment on the relationship between the dissolution of individual families and the unification of the migrant people. The locomote of the Joad family west illustrates this as they depart a parched Oklahoma, arrive in a hostile California, and eventually settle in amongst others as unwelcome in that respect as they are. With the return of Tom to the family in the beginning of the story, the Joad family i s once again united, though at the same time we see them to be utterly isolate from other migrants. It is not until the loss of a proverbial right-arm of the family (Grandpa) that the family is first unified with others, the Wilsons. As their journey progresses, they lose more members and struggle through increasing hardships, moreover in each situation the two families act as one and persevere. Grandma follows her husband to the grave, Ivy Wilsons health degrades, Noah leaves the family he knows doesnt truly hit the sack him, their cars continually break down, and their money is fast disappearing. Vehicles, food, and money are all shared, but with one familys loss the entire group benefits. The Joad familys experiences when they first arrive in California ar... ...ns baby is stillborn, signifying a terrible loss to the Joad family. Soon after, they come upon another family, and Rose of Sharon is able to use the milk meant for her dead child to inspection and repair a sick, sta rving old man. Whats more, Rose of Sharon used her own milk, something normally only for the family, signifying the absence of a traditional family, and instead a universal family of a common plight. Throughout the course of the story, roughly half of the Joad family dies or disappears, but by the end of the novel the Joads are in a desperate so far relatively comfortable position. This was because as they gave up their kin, they were welcomed into society as a whole. In this manner John Steinbeck uses the theme Unity leads to Survival to comment on the relationship between the dissolution of individual families and the unification of the migrant people.    

Its Just a Game :: Essays Papers

Its Just a Game Often you turn int realize how overmuch something means to you until its gone. Maybe its your first baseball hat, the Boston Red Sox one with the rip in back and the faded lettering, that you finally come in grew. Or Grandpa Joe, he read you the comics every Saturday as you sat on his lap, who grew too old and passed on. Sure it was your favorite hat and of course you love your grandpa, but for some reason in order to fully capture their importance, you first had to lose them. Its a little depressing to think in this way. It might even make you want to avoid forming a close relationship with Grandpa Joe, so that once hes gone you dont have to deal with the sudden realization of how much he really meant to you. But, if you really think about it, having your favorite baseball hat spot it still fits and having your grandpa around probably outweighed the feelings of loss once they were gone. But the idea that realization sometimes comes after a loss is ve ry true. season your grandpa was still alive you devoted your time to just enjoying his company, but now that he has passed you spend your time remembering the good times you had. This is a reasonable and natural thing to do and its also the reason why you had never thought about how much you loved your grandfather until you post no longer sit on his lap and read the comics. You were just too busy having a good time with him to ever think about. So, what if you had the incident to give your grandpa the gift of immortality but you would never truly realize how much you really loved him would you do it? Maybe the baseball hat is a better example since it doesnt involve human life. Would you want to have that hat forever but never really know how much it meant to you? Well, I tried to apply this to a situation in my life, and I really couldnt decide I needed a combination of both. My most reigning experience with this realization phenomenon came after my final high school basketball

Its Just a Game :: Essays Papers

Its Just a Game Often you dont realize how much or sothing means to you until its gone. Maybe its your first baseball hat, the Boston Red Sox one with the rip in back and the faded lettering, that you finally out grew. Or gramps Joe, he read you the comics every Saturday as you sat on his lap, who grew too old and passed on. Sure it was your favorite hat and of course you loved your granddad, but for some reason in order to fully capture their importance, you first had to lose them. Its a little depressing to think in this way. It might raze make you want to avoid forming a close relationship with Grandpa Joe, so that once hes gone you dont extradite to deal with the sudden identification of how much he really meant to you. But, if you really think about it, having your favorite baseball hat while it close up fits and having your grandpa around probably outweighed the feelings of loss once they were gone. But the idea that realization sometimes comes after a loss is very true. While your grandpa was still alive you devoted your time to just enjoying his company, but now that he has passed you spend your time remembering the good times you had. This is a reasonable and raw(a) thing to do and its also the reason why you had never thought about how much you loved your grandfather until you can no extended sit on his lap and read the comics. You were just too busy having a good time with him to ever think about. So, what if you had the chance to give your grandpa the gift of immortality but you would never truly realize how much you really loved him would you do it? Maybe the baseball hat is a better recitation since it doesnt involve human life. Would you want to have that hat forever but never really know how much it meant to you? Well, I tried to exercise this to a situation in my life, and I really couldnt decide I needed a combination of both. My most powerful experience with this realization phenomenon came after my fin al high school basketball

Ethnic Diversity Essay

Answer each question in 50 to 150 words. Provide citations for all the sources you use. 1. What is diversity? Why is diversity valued? Diversity is the compounding of different races of people, religions, and culture. Diversity is important to constantly grow and learn new ideas that will help our society become a better environment to stomach in. Diversity is value because it allows us to learn different things that may help up us in life, that our experience culture does teach, or provide. 2. What is ethnocentrism? In what slipway can ethnocentrism be detrimental to a society?Ethnocentrism is a term that is used to describe the tendency that someone will believe his or her own customs and traditions ar better than anyone elses. It is determined that no culture is perfect, and closing society from the great custom of other cultures does not allow one a chance to solve all problems, and learn what others know that we are custom to disbelieve in. 3. Define emigration and immigrat ion. Emigration is a person leaving a country, and Immigration is a person entering a country. E in Emigration can toy with exit, and I in immigration can mean in.Many get these to word mixed up, mainly in ones English or History class as a student. For example the United States are prompt with immigrants with an I, and Mexico are accounted for emigrants with an E. 4. What are some of the ways bases of people are identified? Some ways groups of people are identified are by race or creed, gender, religion, raised by one or both parents, or raised outside of their original family. In addition, American cultural group people by age, until you reach 18, one is considered an adolescent, and when one reaches 21, they are considered an adult.5. Why do people give chase and group other people? People label and group other people as a barrier to not be taken by surprise. If a certain Copyright 2012 by University of Phoenix. wholly rights reserved. Diversity Worksheet ETH/125 Version 8 2 person done something wrong, and we see more people like that person doing the same, we now label that wide-cut race of people to be the same. The labeling part works as a defense mechanism to not allow someone that we think is bad or good, take advantage of us or we lock out someone we think can be a good friend.6. Define culture. Is culture bound to racial and ethnic backgrounds? Explain. Culture is the customs of a group of people, by race, religion, beliefs, and tradition. Culture is not limited to racial and ethnic backgrounds. Because there are some different races that lease the same religious culture and traditions. For example Indians, Blacks, Iranians, and I am sure there are others that believe in the Islamic religion, and have the same beliefs and follow the same religion traditions. Copyright 2012 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved.

Compare and contrast two theories/models of relationships Essay

There are two main theories applied to alliances, neighborly Exchange Theory and Equity Theory underpin commonly used behavioral therapies such(prenominal) as Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Enhanced Cognitive Behavioural Therapy and Integrative Cognitive Behavioural Therapy. More recent studies in neuroscience and behaviour and the splendour of language have led to the development of Relational Frame Theory and acceptation and Commitment Therapy as an substitutenative approach. In this essay I forget eruptline the blood models comparing and contrasting them. I lead also introduce and briefly touch on Relational Frame Theory and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy as an additional approach to couples counselling and offer considerations which an integrative healer might need to take into account when offering counselling to couples.Social Exchange Theory explores interactions between two grammatical constituenties by examining the cost and benets to individually. The theory proposed by Homans in 1958 is not exclusively applied to relationships as it also explores any mixer systems and considers the power balance at bottom those systems. The key point of the theory is that it assumes the two parties are both giving and receiving items of value from each separate. Under this theory, relationships are only likely to continue if both parties feel they are coming out of the exchange with more than they are giving upthat is, if there is a positive amount of benefit for both parties involved.Homans act as to define and understand society was based around the study of human behaviour in name of cost and reward. This discretion of behaviour is recognised also in the work of Pavlow and Skinner. Homan later went on to apply his theory to relationships proposing in his Disruptive Justice surmisal that as human beings we expect a relationship to be proportional and if the reward or reciprocity falls short of the cost we become displease and are more like ly to end a relationship. However he also proposed that if one party perceives that the reward outweighs the cost provided but the other half(a) of the relationship is content the relationship will be satisfactory. Homans (1958, P.606)Social behavior is an exchange of goods, material goods but alsonon-material ones, such as the symbols of approval or prestige. Persons that give much to others try to get much from them, and persons that get much from others are under pressure to give much to them. This process of influence tends to work out at equilibrium to a balance in the exchanges. For a person in an exchange, what he gives may be a cost to him, honest as what he gets may be a reward, and his behavior changes less as the difference of the two, profit, tends to a maximum. In relationships Homan proposed that the reward is more valuable to the single(a) if it reinforces our ego esteem or provides social approval especially in areas of life where we feel insecure and we are dra wn to a partner who provides this more than rewards or approval for things we already rate ourselves for.In return we provide the same kind of strokes to our partner reinforcing and boosting their esteem in areas in which they feel close insecure. This is referred to as the principle of satiation. The costs in a fulfilling relationship abide be divided into three categories Investment costs- mental energy and emotional investment , Direct costs time, financial and material investments and Opportunity costs- personal sacrifices to benefit the relationship. Because all behaviour is costly in that it requires an expenditure of energy on the part of the individual, only those behaviours that are rewarded or that produce the least cost tend to be repeated. Thus, social exchanges take on an air of consistency in that patterns of rewards oftentimes remain stable in social relationships. Thibault and Kelley in 1959 developed a 4 stage model of long term relationships based on Homans s ocial exchange theory research. Thibault and Kelley applied two basic notions to their work.Firstly, that all human interaction is motivated by perceived rewards for the action and second relates to how that influences the nature of relationships. The quaternion stages Sampling, Bargaining, Commitment and Institutionalisation describe how a relationship forms and attains. The theory is predominantly behaviourist and assumes that humans operate as rational beings making decisions based on costs and benefits and that their decision making is motivated by the desire to get basic individual inescapably met. The first stage in the model, Sampling, is exploring the costs and rewards of various interactions with a number of different friendships and relationships and observing various people in their relationships in order to pick out what works and what doesnt.Psychologists interpret thesocial behaviour of adolescents and materialization people as they flit from one relationship/f riendship to another as this sampling stage in action. Bargaining is the natural progression undertaken as a new relationship is under consideration. Whats in it for me? If I do/give this what will I get in return? At this stage attraction based around similar attitudes or constructs are explored with a view to establishing the viability of a possible relationship. Both parties might ask themselves Is it passing to be worthwhile investing in this? Commitment follows when the two parties know enough about each other to develop the ability to predict each others behaviour and therefore elicit reward/pleasure/satisfaction from each other. Institutionalisation is the final stage when the two parties know what to expect from each other and settle into established norms.Equity Theory was developed from Social Exchange Theory by Walster in 1978. Elaine Hatfield worked closely with Walster and Ellen Berscheid in the s horizontalties to understand the human concept of social justice. She sa ysAccording to Equity theory, people feel most comfortable when they are getting exactly what they deserve from their relationshipsno more and certainly no less. Handbook of Theories of Social Psychology. Hatfield, E. & Rapson, R. L. Glyph International 2011.She also says of her work with Walster and BercheidWe believed that a concern with fairness was a cultural universal. We were convinced that during humankinds long evolutionary heritage, a concern with social justice came to be writ in the minds architecture because such values possessed survival value. such concerns were maintained, we thought, because behaving fairly continued to be a wise and profitable strategy in todays world. Handbook of Theories of Social Psychology. Hatfield, E. & Rapson, R. L. Glyph International 2011.It is recognised that end-to-end history, societies have had different visions as to what constitutes social justice, fairness, and equity and that these differences still influence perspectives on what socialjustice means to the individual and to different societies across the globe. moreover their ongoing research takes into consideration the current shifts within society towards gender e case and how this influences relationships. Equity Theory is essentially based around balance within a relationship and can be summarised by 4 key principles.1.People will try to maximise reward and minimise unpleasant fetch in a relationship 2.Rewards can be shared out in different ways and people will decide on what they agree to be a fair system 3.An unfair or inequitable relationship causes personal distress 4.A person in an inequitable relationship will guarantee to restore balance and the degree to which the relationship is unfair the harder they will try to restore the balance.Both theories are based around the assumption that relationships develop out of a fair exchange or trading of costs and rewards. Equity Theory although it takes into account societal changes is less implicated wi th society and is more concerned with individuals and how they perceive justice. The main difference between the two theories is that where Exchange Theory would propose that people would leave a relationship as it is if they felt they were in the advantaged position where rewards are concerned, Equity Theory suggests that the person would be driven to restore the equity within an unbalanced relationship by either reducing their input or increasing their outputs.Exchange Theory is more concerned with under-benefit as a disadvantage but Equity Theory places a greater emphasis on both under-benefit and over-benefit. Under-benefits are likely to provoke a find of anger and resentment and over-benefits are likely to provoke a sense of guilt. Either scenario can become unbearable to the party experiencing either anger or guilt resulting in them attempting to re-establish balance. If this does not appear to work, it is likely that the relationship will breakdown as an equilibrium has no t been reached.Both theories can be useful tools for a therapist in couples counselling in order to discern where a couple is at within their relationship and to attend to them move towards a state of balance or equity when it has been lost. They both provide the fundament from which to look at the behaviour of eachindividual within a relationship, to consider how it might have changed and how levels of reciprocity have become distorted tip to the experience of over/under benefit and thus to create tools to realign the behaviour and expectations to help regain balance within the relationship as a whole.There have however been some criticisms of early studies of relationships because they do not consider individual developmental changes which occur in life and which may alter the balance in a relationship or place adequate emphasis on the effects of outside factors which influence an individuals thinking and consequent behaviour within a relationship, such a family expectations, early role modelling, messages received and fused with about the self from others such as parents. This can be particularly applicable in terms of negative thinking, pain avoidant behaviours, rule following and rigid thinking.In terms of applying behaviour therapy to couples counselling the therapist will want to look at what interpretations a client is making about a situation and the beliefs they hold based on previous experience and how this then shapes their response or behaviour toward their partner. They will look at where the belief was formed through a process of where? When? Who? and What happened? questions in order to help reframe the past and detach it from the present thus helping the clients view to change and become more rational in the current situation. In Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy a branch of CBT, using the ABC model, the theory distinguishes between rational and irrational beliefs and seeks to correct irrational beliefs which lead to self defeating behav iours.People are not disturbed by things rather they disturb themselves when they hold irrational beliefs about things. When they hold rational beliefs they respond healthily to things CBT tips for a fulfilling life Windy Dryden Hodder Education 2012Studies of behaviour from the perspective of a Relational Frame Theory and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy can be applied to judgment relationships issues and provide a slightly different perspectiveemphasising the nuances of language and how they affect function within a relationship and focussing on values and actions as a priority in terms of repairing harmony. RFT sees language and cognition as relational framing, an operant ability that develops through exposure to many kinds of verbal interactions .The terminal of integrative behavioural couples therapy is to help couples shift the context, rather than just the content, of their interactions, embracing conflict as a part of relationships and working toward a greater understandi ng and acceptance of each other ACT & RFT in Relationships Dahl, Stewart, Martell & Caplan Context Press 2013There are many similarities in this approach, for example applying RFT in the context of relationships considers how individuals derive expectations in relationships based on earlier experiences and from perspectives acquired in the past which lead to the generation of self rules and ideals of what the future should look like and how a partner should behave. The clear-sighted difference lies in the 2 key elements of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, acceptance of psychological events and commitment to values. It offers the couple the opportunity to identify self defeating patterns of behaviour, encouraging clients to coerce the painful aspects of such negative thinking with self benevolence and to accept that suffering and pain are intrinsic part of life and moreover relationship experience.The therapist will help the clients to identify values in all domains of life, per haps through the use of a Values Compass which identifies 10 fragment domains, Work, Leisure, Caregiving, Family, Intimate Relations, Community Involvement, Spirituality, Education and Personal Development, Health and Social network. Clients will be encouraged to identify the reinforcing qualities which support each domain and to then rate how highly they are attending to each domain. This exercise can help couples see where there might be imbalances.By associating each value with its reinforcing qualities the clients can see for themselves and for each other how balance in all domains is essential to maintain balance in their relationship or how a overleap of balance might lead them to seek compensatory reinforcement from each other. By doing this exercise the individuals concerned can develop a greater understanding oftheir needs and how they can get their needs met. In understanding why some areas of their lives have been neglected and recognising the self defeating behaviours which lead to this imbalance they develop self compassion and then extend this to compassion and acceptance for each other. In this kind of therapy couples will learn to recognise and apply flexibility of thought and action, self compassion, compassion, acceptance, mindfulness, self as context and values and committed action increasing the potential for balance within themselves and thus enabling a more supporting relationship with each other.Whatever approach a therapist takes there will be a recognition that the therapy will be more effective if it is holistic and integrative. The Chrysalis TIME model provides a sound basis from which to start all therapy. It is also essential for the therapist to consider the wider social implications and ethical issues surrounding relationships in advance proceeding with any kind of therapeutic intervention. Cultural differences, religious beliefs, geographic origins, social status, educational backgrounds and family history all influence how a n individual perceives a prosperous relationship and set criteria and rules for that relationship and thus how they might expect therapy to help when things go wrong.One key consideration in couples counselling which is more relevant in westernised society today is that many relationships are founded on love or an idea of love, whereas historically marriage contracts were based on other factors such as status, financial security etc. For many people entering into a new relationship one of the driving factors are the feelings and emotions derived from the behaviour of the other person. This as the basis for a relationship is not without its problems since initial highly charged emotions and feelings wane as a relationship develops and matures and deeper connections are necessary for quality and longevity.It is also essential that the therapist applies relevant learning of client centred counselling to ensure that the therapy is client led and balanced, so that neither party feels t hat the therapist is absent a position of neutrality, whilst maintaining an empathic and understanding approach to both individuals. The skilled therapist will be aware of the power balancebetween the 2 parties through careful observation of body language and choice of language by the clients and active attunement. They will maintain an approach of acceptance and non judgement even though their clients may not and will not be drawn by one over the other or allow one to look out on the sessions. All parties must feel safe, demonstrate a willingness to engage in the process and have a clear idea of, ideally, a shared intent for the therapy. An ethical therapist will not see couples clients separately or set up couples counselling where they have previously counselled one party.

Proctor and Gamble – Strategic Management Case Study

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Proctor and try (P&G) over its journey of about 175 years has become one of the worlds largest consumer goods confederation with sales of nearly $80 billion and a net profit of about $10 billion. P&G has a presence in more than 180 countries with filths that accumulate to in excess of $25 billion. The confederation has achieved success by creating high quality brand recognized harvests that atomic number 18 sold on multinational level.It enjoys one of the largest brand names in household products worry Pampers, Gillette, Tide, Ariel, Downy, Pantene, Head&Shoulders, Olay, Oral-B, Crest, Dawn, Fairy and Always and segments like household c be, steady, grooming, and own(prenominal) health c ar. Although, P&G has world renowned brands, P&G require to adopt strategies that enable it to maintain its combative advantage over its rival. Consumer Goods pains where P&G operates has matured reaching the consolidation stage and competition amongst rivals is inten se.P&G has many strategic options create free-enterprise(a) advantage over its rivals much(prenominal) as nevertheless market penetrations by rebranding its authorized line of products and selling them at a low ge ber scathe. Another option for P&G is to expand in the uphill markets by collaboration or alliances with local businesses in sundry(a) geographical percentages. Lastly, P&G base specialize in beat care/beauty segment of consumer manufacture. P&G can reserve consumers with products that are made with natural ingredients as trend in health and wellness is growing on with providing specialized products for men.INTRODUCTION P&G is a part of a competitive industry, and as such(prenominal) faces actually stiff and fierce competition from its rivals. The competition face up by the ships company is virtually on e precise front like, market take, product line up, existence of new products, R&D for new and existent products. It has witnessed a drop in market share and revenue from the developed market and but sustained appreciable performance in the developing markets.This motif provides a thorough internal as well as external analysis of P&G, identifies its mandate, on with certain strategies that would help it profit its profitability, profit festering and sustain its competitive advantage in both developed and developing markets. The limitations of this report are collectable to the fact that it primarily relies on the information and facts as presented in Case 27, Proctor & Gamble The Beauty/Femi nine Care Segment of the Consumer Goods Industry.External references were also used and information was sought from the Proctor & Gamble community 2012 Annual Report and the Proctor & Gamble website. COMPANY OVERVIEW Procter & Gamble was founded in 1837, by William Procter and James Gamble, who laid the foundation of P&G by initially making and selling soap and candles. By 1879, founders of P&G developed Ivory soap and established their own laboratory, and by 1935 the company established some other factory in the Philippines after its learnedness of the British soap manufacturer, Thomas Hedley & Sons.In January 2005, P&G announced an acquirement of Gillette, forming the largest consumer goods company and placing Unilever into second place. At present, Procter & Gamble sells more than 300 leading brands, such as Pampers, Tide, Pringles, Ariel, Downy, Pantene, Head&Shoulders, Olay, Cover Girl, Pantene, Crest, Duracell, Secret, Folgers, Hugo Boss, Mr. Clean, Oral-B, Old Spice, Clairol and Zest. The company markets its products through mass merchandisers, grocery stores, membership club stores, medicate stores, high-frequency stores, department stores, perfumeries, pharmacies, salons, and e-commerce.It markets its products to over 160 countries, and operates a total of 115 plants in more than 80 countries all over the world. Procter & Gambles headquarters are located in Cincinnati, Ohio and it employs more than 98,000 employees worldwide. Off late, the companys performance has dwindled as the company has been shuffling its dodge and has not been able to sustentation competitors at bay (Chung, 2012). Recently the companys Board has unanimously accepted CEO McDonald, who had joined in July 2009, as the one who would plan and head the companys turnaround of performance (Chung, Jul 2012).As such the company has adopted a multi-fold strategy to cut costs by a big chunk and transmit up new and innovative products to shore up sales and profits. Example existence the fact that the company go out launch at least nine new products in the next four months, many of them priced at a premium to generate higher profit margins (Monk, 2012). MANDATE The mission of the company is to provide branded products and services of superior quality and value that improve the lives of the worlds consumers, now and for generations to come.And this would automatically generate value for all its stakeholders in form of hi gher sales and returns. The vision of the company is to be recognized as the best consumer products and services company in the world. P&G has kept is vision postful and yet pretty clear. This vision of the company is simple enough be easily comprehended by all its stakeholders. The consequence values of the company rotate around the consumers, its brands and its employees. These values are leadershiphip, ownership, integrity, passion for winsome and trust.The company, through all its core values, has tried to address the fact that they test to work and deliver a trust to their consumers with the help of their employees, who are expected to work with leadership and ownership and must have a passion for winning so that they can together work to strive to achieve the vision of the company. Just like the vision of the company, the core values also are very clear and straight forward that define the reason for the existence of the company. P&Gs stakeholders are its customers, share holders, employees, uppliers and communities in which it operates. P&Gs customers are the ones who ultimately use the products and given the fact that the industry is highly customer oriented and demand driven. The shareholders invest in P&Gs shares providing the company with capital and the company rewards them by consistently creating and increasing the shareholder value. Proctor and gamble employees worldwide are considered its most important asset who are the nates bone of this giant corporation, they expect ethical treatment along with fair wages and good working conditions.Another important stakeholder of P&G is its suppliers whose organizations heavily hope on the business agreements with P&G, and the businesses who sell and distribute P&G products. Also, different communities all over the world from Cincinnati, Ohio to the many communities around the world who are provided with jobs, employee education, stability and who pay taxes because of Procter & Gamble. EXTERNAL ANAL YSIS 1. Competitive Rivalry The industry that P&G operates in is highly competitive and it has emerged as one of the leaders in the industry.This industry has five major competitors and has reached the stage of consolidation. Due to industry consolidation, changes made by one company forces other competitors to react and follow suit. This increases rivalry and might lead to price wars. The demand for beauty and personal hygiene products is on the rise due to many factors such as the growth in the economies of developing world has improved the standard of living of people in those localitys men are becoming more interested in beauty and skin care and also due to the growing demand for products made with natural ingredients and raw materials.This increase in demand and possible for growth has provided stability in the industry. 2. Threat of New Entrants Five major competitors in this industry have captured most of the market share through economies of scale and brand loyalty. The wide begin of products in major competitors portfolio makes it extremely difficult for the new entrants to fence and gain any significant market share. Potential entrant would expect an enormous amount of capital for manufacturing alongside a huge budget for merchandising activities, R&D, supply/sales channel in order to compete at the same level as major competitors.This creates a very high barrier to entry in the industry that makes the threat of new entrants, very low for the industry. The patents held by the company on various products also act as barriers to entry. 3. Bargaining Power of the Buyers Businesses in this industry rely heavily on its buyers to generate a considerable portion of revenue. Buyers of this industry are mainly distributors like Walmart, Macys, rate etc. These distributors buy in large quantities which increases their buying power allowing them to bargain lower prices.As a result, over exposure of sales to any single buyer could pose a serious threat to this industry if competitors do not have their own customized dissemination network. 4. Bargaining Power of Suppliers There are closely no substitutes for raw materials being used in products make by this industry which is a cause of concern. Suppliers seem to enjoy high bargaining power but the sheer size and quantities purchased by major competitors in this industry tends to scale back the supplier power as competitors can move towards vertical integration.Hence, the buying power of suppliers is medium. 5. Threat of Substitutes There are no known substitutes for this industry which places the threat of substitutes at a very low level. Macro Environment The raw materials used to manufacture products in various segments of abstain Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) industry are regulated by governments in many countries. There is a risk that currently used raw materials may be considered potentially dangerous and therefore restricted in their use due to the increase in health conscio usness especially in western markets.Product testing can take months even years before getting an approval for consumption and during this time regulations can change preventing a product from ever being introduced to the market resulting in large R&D expenses which may never be recovered. Social forces can have an effect on this industry such as the desire for organic products as consumers become concerned that chemicals currently being used can cause long-term health ailments like genus Cancer and skin diseases.Men are also fast becoming more interested in beauty and hygiene products and populations in developing countries are also bout towards beauty and personal hygiene products as their living standards improve. The future for this industry is bright with potential for growth but for some companies this can be a threat if they fail at product innovation and strategizing their business as per the changing trends. Technological changes such as exponential growth in profits an d ecommerce provides a great platform to this industry to market its products directly to target demographics and also to raise awareness of personal hygiene.On the internet, there is a massive potential to target consumers based on their web searches, previous online purchases, etc. Advancement in technology can also help this industrys distribution systems such as emergence of real-time inventory systems allows inventory levels to be replenished on time and prevent excessive inventory on-hand in factories or warehouses. The rock-bottom barriers to international trade give companies in the industry the opportunity to expand into various regions of the world. numerous regions like China, India, and South the States are opening up to the world providing an excellent opportunity for expansion.However, the reduced barriers to international trade can also be considered a threat if international companies expand into home bases such as Europe and North America which will in turn give r ise to the local competition. INTERNAL ANALYSIS P&G is the industry leader because of its ability to maintain a competitive advantage over its rivals resulting in higher than average profitability. P&G has many resources that contribute towards gaining and maintaining competitive advantage over the rival. One ofP&Gs main strength is its real financial position which allows it to acquire other companies. P&G has acquired Gillette boosting its competitive advantage over its rivals as Gillette mainly caters to Men which is growing market. Strong financial position also allows P&G to incur high R&D costs i. e. in excess of 2. 2 billion dollars. P&G is constantly investing in product innovation and improving its current line of products. The company over the past many years has successfully launched and managed new products.As such, P&G has the ability to push for innovation and ensure faster commercialization than any of its competitor in the industry. This investment in improving bra nds and innovation also promotes brand loyalty. P&G operates in various segments of FMCG industry such as Personal hygiene, Household care, and Beauty. This variety of products poke outings from P&G caters to almost all demographics throughout different ages, genders, countries and cultures. P&G operates in various regions across the globe and has successfully managed to establish itself as a leader in these markets across many segments.This diverse range of product offerings along with its process in various geographic regions allows P&G to reel through the recessions in the economy and maintain its profitability. Any slowdown in the economy of anyone region or segment is countered by growing economy and segments in other regions. Also, type of products offered by P&G are considered to be recession confirmation as they considered to necessity such as soaps, shampoos, personal health products etc. P&G derives its strengths from its various capabilities. First of all is that P&G ha s the trade of its products in the industry.This enables P&G to convince its consumers to buy products and also keeps them up to date with new products as well as about any improvements in the current line of products. P&G also has an efficient distribution system which allows it to distribute its products in various region of the globe at a lower cost than its competitors. P&G also collaborates with distributors like Wal-Mart, Target etc. to keep supply chain functioning efficiently. This allows restocking of shelves at distributors much easier as it provides real time data to P&G as stock levels deplete.This allows P&G to save costs associated with huge inventories and warehouses. Also, P&G owns and operates almost 115 manufacturing facilities across 80 countries around the globe. This is a great asset of the company which provides it with the capability of saving on cost of shipping products from one region to another. All these sets of co-related resources and capabilities allo w P&G to save on costs and provide high quality products at a reasonable people which in turn has generated above average profits in the industry making P&G the industry leader.Along with strengths, P&G also has certain weaknesses and threats that can offset its competitive advantage and affect its profitability. In the current global down turn commodity prices across the globe are increasing due to transportation costs associated with higher oil prices. This will force P&G to raise prices on many of their products which might affect market share because some consumers may switch to cheaper low quality products. This is further exacerbated by the fact that switching costs for consumer are quite low between the competitors in many segments of this industry.While P&G has great collaboration with Wal-Mart, which allows it to maintain an efficient supply chain management but this is also one of the weaknesses of P&G as Wal-Mart is its number one buyer as considerable amount of P&G sales are accounted to Wal-Mart and followed by other major retailers like Target, Zellers, etc. This provides buyers with immense buying power and any decrease of sales at any of the top customers can affect P&G effecting its revenues and sequent profitability.P&G is also exposed heavily towards the matured markets of Europe and North America. STRATEGIC OPTIONS Further Market Penetration In this strategy, P&G should increase market penetration its current skin care and personal hygiene segments. P&G should look towards in its customer base and specifically targeting low income consumers in mature markets. P&G can achieve economies of scale in its current product mix by rebranding such as incase or size/volume of the product. This way P&G will be altering its existing products at a low fixed cost.By harbouring this strategy, P&G will be able sell its products at a cheaper price and increase its revenue and subsequent profits. This is low risk strategy because P&G has managed to achiev e strong brand recognition and customer loyalty so P&G does not have to incur huge merchandise costs in order to introduce its products to the market. P&G already and effective supply chain management and it has good relationship with mega distributors like Wal-Mart, Target etc. so it will be much easier for P&G to introduce these rebranded products to consumers.Furthermore, P&G has a strong financial position which is indwelling in case the strategy fails to garner expected results. Further Market Penetration Arena All markets where P&G currently has a presence Differentiator Price, Quality Vehicles Rebranding, marketing theatrical production Rebrand products in different packaging with less volume quantities Economic Model Sell rebranded products at lower price to the low income consumers Pros Enhances existing capabilities and resources Low Risk Cons Short to medium term solutionBrand loyalty is scarce in consumers looking for lower priced products Table 1There are some drawba cks in this strategy which must be considered such as the lack brand loyalty in low income consumers. Low income consumers tend to prefer products that are competitively priced so if another competitor implements the same strategy they can take away P&Gs market share. Hence, this strategy is nevertheless viable from short to medium term. Global Expansion in Emerging Markets P&G derive most of its revenues from matured market of North America and Europe where market has reached the saturation point and revenue growth is stagnant.Unlike the mature markets, acclivitous or growth markets have a lot of potential for growth and there is a lot of market share up for grabs. As P&G looks to gain greater share in the developing countries, it needs to adjust its planning according to the demographics of such awkward i. e. ethnic groups with different skins, hair types etc. As P&G already has a strong set of products, it must be relatively easier for P&G to penetrate into emerging markets especially in terms of brand recognition, mass market presence, and brand loyalty.P&G can avail this opportunity by introducing quality products based on the specific needs of the local population or by acquisition of businesses who produce such products. This strategy would help P&G in the long run as it would allow P&G in keep its revenues up during the economic downturns in mature markets as sales in emerging markets will offset the recessions in the mature markets. Rules and regulations vary country to country so some countries can have stringent rules for Multi-national Corporation to treasure its local businesses.Global Strategic Alliance or collaborations with local businesses will enable P&G to expand in to the local market in areas such as China, India or South America. The extensive knowledge of consumers, market trends, laws and regulations that Partner ships company brings to the table can be considered an excellent distinctive competency. Global Expansion in to emergi ng Markets Arena Emerging Markets Differentiator Price, Quality Vehicles Collaborations (Global strategic alliances), Acquisitions, Staging Collaboration with local businesses and then move towards acquisition of the same. Economic Model Provide quality product at reasonable price to consumers in the emerging markets Pros Great long term potentialDiversification through operations in various regions which provides an opportunity to keep revenues up during recession in one region Cons risque risk involved in collaboration/acquisitions along with the instability of economic growth in emerging marketsCompany can lag shadow in innovation Table 2 P&G should select it partner carefully in emerging markets keeping in mind the risks associated such as rules, regulations etc.P&G must form a structure where the share, responsibilities of each party is clearly defined along with contingency plans to mitigate various risks involved. P&G should protect its trade secrets and product formulas so manufacturing facilities must have separate units, and PG should also get all its patents recognized in the region where it will operate. Some of the cons of this strategy are embedded with the collaborations with local businesses and the instability in the emerging markets.Also, P&G will essentially be rebranding most of the products it sells in mature markets along with selling some products of its partners which means there will be less spending on R&D and company might lag behind in innovation of new revolutionary products. Differentiation in Beauty/Skin Care Segment In this strategy, P&G will offer unique and innovative products that address special needs of various market segments and demographics such as products with natural/organic ingredients, products for certain demographics such as men, ethnic groups etc.Beauty/skin care segment of consumer goods industry is growing as consumers are more interested in grooming themselves with better products and growing trends in heal th/wellness. P&G can create a competetive advantage by specializing in products made for men and products made with natural/organic ingredients. This strategy will require acquisition of products or spending in R&D to innovate such products in house. This will also require aggressive marketing and branding of such products to introduce them to the consumer.These products must be priced at a premium price based on the advertising costs, acquisitions and R&D spending. Many features of the products along with quality will offset and justify the higher price for such products. With continuous R&D spending over time, advancement in technologies and increasing competition, prices will eventually reduce. If P&G is able to acquire or create new line of specialized products which caters to certain market segments or demographics, it will be a competitive advantage for P&G over its rivals.Differentiation in Beauty/Skin Care Segment Arena uprise Markets first and move into growth/emerging mar kets Differentiator Selection, Quality Vehicles Acquisitions, Signalling Staging Acquisitions of major business involved in organic and men beauty/personal hygiene segments Economic Model Sell specialized products targeting certain customers with premium prices i. e. organic products Pros Leverages existing resources and capabilitiesLong Term potential Cons High Risk with acquisitionsHigh costs associated with R&D spending Table 3This strategy has some disadvantages as well such as it requires a lot of capital investment either for acquisition or R&D to create new products. REFERENCES Mockler, R. J. (2007). Procter & Gamble The Beauty/Feminine Care Segment of the Consumer Goods Industry In C. W. L. Hill & G. R. Jones, Strategic steering An Integrated Approach, 6th Edition. Boston Houghton Mifflin Chung, J. (2012). P&Gs Board Unanimously Supports CEO McDonald Retrieved from http//online. wsj. com/article/SB10000872396390444464304577534930564069566. tm l Monk, D. ( 2012) Procter Gam ble planning nine new product launches Retrieved from http//www. bizjournals. com/cincinnati/blog/2012/09/procter-gamble-planning-nine-new. html Annual Report (2012) Retrieved from http//annualreport. pg. com/annualreport2012/files/PG_2012_AnnualReport. pdf PG History (2012) Retrieved from http//www. pg. com/translations/history_pdf/english_history. pdf PG Purpose, Vision and Principles. (2012) Retrieved from http//www. pg. com/translations/pvp_pdf/english_PVP. pdf

Mission and philosophy of an organization

1. The mission literary argument describes an plaques basic purpose, while the resource is a short, succinct, and inspiring instruction of what the organization intends to become and to achieve at some point in the future, often stated in competitive terms (Hannagan, 1998, pp. 125-26). Our organisational mission echoed a commitment of somewhat a wholisitic repairth care overhaul as it includes the ameliorate not of the body only but of the estimation and spirit. It transcends beyond the usual kind of divine operate put forwardd by other healthcare professionals and organizations. The commitment of healing the spirit is beyond the realm of professional knowledge and experience of health care professionals and providers. Health care providers may be of help in healing the spirit of the uncomplaining but cannot directly provide the service and the process.The vision statement on the other hand does not support this purpose of the organization evident by its emphasis on comp assionate and keen service skills which can be learned and developed by most health care professionals through proper professional training and schooling. The vision statement anchored its commitment on the core competencies and professional capabilities of the people in the organization.On the aspect of the similarities of the mission and vision statements, some(prenominal) echoed a commitment to manage the community. both echoed a quality of healthcare service that is anchored on commitment and cooperation. The mission and vision statement also echoed the unity of the people in the organization to serve the community and its patients. Also, both the mission and vision statement further showed the failure to recognize the contribution and importance of the people in the organization in parity to the attainment of the mission and vision of the company.The organizational mission statement is just merely descriptive of what the community can expect from the health care service of the organization, thus it does not function to inspire or pack the people in the organization. The vision statement too does not reflect something that would inspire and serve people look forward to their future in the organization. Both failed to really articulate a statement according to its intended purpose.2. The mission and vision statement has influenced my practice as a nurse as it raised my awareness of the goal of the organization to deliver compassionate and excellent health care service to help improve the health of the community. The mission statement made me realized that our responsibility of healing is not just on the physical aspect of the patient but including the mental and spiritual aspects of the patient in order that we can help improve our communitys health. Guided by these goals, I was adequate to(p) to view responsibilities to my patient beyond their physical aspect, however, it also made me concerned if I could be of help in restoring the soundness of the spirit of the person.I may have all the professional training and knowledge in my job but this does not guarantee that if applied it can also help heal the spirit of the patient. This goal put me into quandary on the ethical considerations if faced with a situation where my own personal beliefs might interfere in the healing process of the spirit of the person. The process of helping heal the spirit of the patient might make me subjective rather than objective in my job. Also, as an employee both the mission and vision statement negatively impacted on my view of my future in the organization because both do not reflect organizational aspirations for the people which I considered very important..I am aware of my responsibility to the community and to the organization I am serving, but the organization should also be aware of the needs and aspirations of the people who will make the organization mission and vision possible. The content of the mission and vision statements of the o rganization must inspire and guide people.3. Our organizations vision (philosophy) statement falls short on some important aspect of its function. Accordingly, the vision of the organization refers to the category of intentions that are broad, all-intrusive and forward-thinking. The organizational vision statement describes aspirations for the future, without specifying the means that will be used to achieve those desired ends. Our organizations vision does not clearly reflect and adjust the future to stimulate.Our organizational vision defined the character and identity of the people in the organization however, the way the organizational vision is stated does not reflect on what the organization aspires to become, to achieve, to create something that will require significant change that will challenge people to attain progress and professional advancement. It does not provide encouragement to grow with the organization. The organizational vision only state the present being and identity but it does not so much reflect where it is expiration to be in the next years to come.A dynamic organization should reflect aspirations to improve and change according to the demands of the ever-changing environment. Above all, the organizational vision should also be consistent with the organizational mission as the latter dictates the courses of action in the organization while the former identifies the strategies to take to attain the organizations purpose (mission).4. My suggestion is to state the mission and vision statement in a manner consistent with each other and should reflect on the core competencies of the organization and the people in the organization. On this manner the people in the organization will be able to really deliver a quality of service that shows highest degree of professionalism, compassion, and excellence.The organization can also strengthen its competitive edge by capitalizing on the professional skills and competencies of its people. Through this approach a brand of service that is second to none in professionalism, integrity, dignity and excellence will be achieved and people are likewise provided the opportunity to apply their skills and fullest effectiveness to the organization and the community.Reference ListHannagan, T. (2000). Management Concepts and practices (2nd ed). Great Britain PearsonEducation Limited.

Biblical and secular perspectives on the causes of dysfunctional turnover

Biblical and secular perspectives cause a dysfunctional swage in business. A dysfunctional crimp over refers to the kind of turnover where good performers leave the company. Many employees and especially high performers will leave their work or positions if their sincerely held ghostlike believes practices and observances requested are not adhered to by the company managers. Religious observances include praying, attending worship services, displaying of unearthly objects wearing of religious symbols and adhering to specific dietary rules.Determining whether a kind of practices is biblical or religious does not depend on the nature of a particular activity but on the motivation of the employee. This same practice might be busy in by one person for biblical purposes and another person for specifically secular reasons. For example an employee might observe specific dietary restrictions for religious reasons while another employee will adhere to the very same dietary restrictions merely for secular reasons. This might call for a reasonable accommodation if it is just for religious reason.Many employees do not feel good when their secular or religious believes are assumed by their employers and they will therefore end up leaving the work place. For example according to Christianity the bible says that every seventh day is a Sabbath day and therefore every one should rest. Someof the Christian employees see to it this biblical saying with a lot of regard and therefore if an employer disregards this day thence they may quit their jobs for no other reasons other than that. Dysfunctional turn over is also facilitated by secular reasons.For example some of the employers will want to have increased salaries, holidays, promotions nay many other worldly things. If the employee fails to interpret this then many employees will end up quitting jobs. Secular employees are very hardworking and committed to their careers and puts God aside from their job. There are sund ry(a) strategies for increasing the retention of high performers. One of the strategies is the hiring of the right person. This is because the correct candidates are quickly in adopting the strategy referred to as train for skill hire for fulfil.The other strategy is integration for success. This is because turnover can be brought down by the implementation of a thorough and well orientation program. The other strategy is phase training. This can be achieved if employees are provided with basic training at the outset but as the employees build time and experience with the company then further training can be offered according to the recognition of their baffleth. The other strategy is the provision of growth opportunities.This is because the more the employees feel that they have the ability to grow and even become more marketable then the more they are likely to stay. Nowadays employees are taking ownership of their carriers by recognizing the need to forever upgrade and refine their skills. Employers who offer easily accessible and relevant kind of training tends to have a declined turnover. The other strategy is the alignment of aspirations with contributions. This can be achieved with the matching of interests and skills of the employees and their respective work assignments.This can be possible only if the employers provide an environment where employees have the capacity to make necessary adjustments so that they can be effectively aligned with what the company needs them to do and what they are talented and what they find to be enjoyable. The other strategy is the motivation of the armament this can be done through the assessment of the underlying motivators for work beyond the paycheck or salary. The main factor in the motivation of employees is through the creation of the sense of affiliation within the company. This creates a two way kind of relationship based on the meeting of the mutual needs.Employees must be motivated to feel the sense of t heir purpose in the organization. The other strategy is the making of the rewards count. This strategy can be achieved through making all the employee rewards immediate, seize and personal. For instant employees find the receiving of a bonus check at the end of the year less or smaller compared to frequent payouts. The other strategy is the circuit of problem solvers. This strategy can be achieved if and the employers invite the employees when solving the company problems. This is because a shared problem approach creates a deep ownership for employees in the companys triumph.Many companies with formal retention and succession plans tend to show low costs per new hire and also lower cost of insularity per employee. This helps the human resource professionals in validation the retention costsuch as expensive benefits package which are vital to successful employee retention. High performing employees are continuously concentration on their work if they are given proper treatment a nd this leads to increased performance at work and reduced cost of production consequently resulting into increased return on investment (Gardner, 1).

How slaves were affected Essay

When the African Americans were introduced to slaveholding, they didnt accept what was happening to them and how they were being treated, only as time passed adding for their masters, non only physical, that mental abuse took its toll and soon they began to believe the way they were living was normal and alright.Punishment played a giant purpose in slave life. It showed the consequences of not doing what was asked or disobeying their master thus instilling fear in any single slave the owner possessed. Charity Anderson recalls, alone honey chile, all white folks warn t good to dere slaves, cause Ise seen poe niggas almos toe up by dogs, and whipped unmercifully, when dey didnt do neglect de white folks say. Mary Reynolds remembers, I seed them put the men and women in the stock with they hands screwed down through holes in the board and they feets buttoned together and they naked behinds to the world.Solomon the sic overseer beat them with a big whip and massa look on. The ni ggers better not stop in the fields when they hear them yellin. They rotate the flesh most to the bones and some they was when they taken them taboo of stock and put them on the beds, they never got up again. These two accounts show just what these scurvy slaves had to deal with. They were constantly watched, and felt that if they just as much as gave a superior a wrong look, they would be beaten, or as yet worse, killed.Of grade slaves saw this as inhuman but had no choice to obey as their masters said. There is much evidence that shows how quick they learned to do as they were told and after a period of time, many slaves accepted the idea of being just thata slave. This transformation started with the servants becoming fearful. Surviving was a gimpy of smarts, hard work, and willpower. In order to live, slaves would allow their masters to beat and punish them without questioning so as not to risk a painful and faineant death. Snitching on other slaves who planned to escape w as a good way to show their masters how loyal they were. Many slaves went as far as avocation their masters nice and sometimes even boasting about their masters to other servants on different plantations. These small acts helped many adhere alive but living suppress lives presumeing their minds and emotions forced themselves to cope with their sadness.Singing was common among slaves to express themselves and their hardships. Frederick Douglass recollects, They told a tale of woe which was then altogether beyond my flea-bitten comprehension they were tones loud, long, and deep they breathed the prayer and complaint of souls boiling over with the bitterest anguish. The servants shared their feelings with each other through these hymns and so it make them strong seemly to have the willpower to keep living by obeying and doing as they were told. Dogs lived a better life than many slaves, We had very bad eatin. Bread, meat, water. And they fed it to us in a trough, jes exchangeabl e the hogs. And ah went in may sic shirt till I was 16, nevah had no clothes. And the flo in ouah cabin was dirt, and at night wed jes take a blanket and lay down on the flo. The dog was supeior to us they would take him in the house. -Richard Toler. The serfs accepted that they lived worse than dogs and at this point, it becomes evident that slaves began accepting the life of slavery.They knew escaping was a bad idea because they would have no shelter, food, or clothes. If they were caught, they would be in the worst kind of trouble so they were forced to keep living the oppressed life. Being beaten and abused had them physically and mentally feeling that they were a lower race. Being intimidated all of the time had a harmful affect and they started to see slavery as acceptable. Their owners didnt allow them to read or write so living with a roof over their head made them feel privileged.Mr. William McNeill says, The escaped slaves were always trailed down by hounds they never got outdoor(a), there were always some good slaves to tell on others. I was glad when the slaves gained their freedom, even though we had a large number and lost plenty of money. They made many people rich and got nothing but punishment as a reward. They tell that some of the masters were good but I never did see a good one. This man is one that didnt buy into slavery and kept his mind from being brainwashed like many other slaves. He knew deep down that slavery was wrong and kept the truth in his reality.Even after the slaves were freed, life for them wasnt as great as they hoped it would be and they soon realized that being freed was near as bad as being slaves. Being freed toyed with their minds just like they became slaves and felt out of stance in the beginning, they were put into anothertough position to have to readjust at one time again.An after, soon after when we found out that we was free, why then we was, uh, bound out to different people. Anall such people as that. An we would run away, an wouldn stay with them. Why then wed jus go an stay anywhere we could. Lay out a night in underwear. We had no home, you know. We was jus turned out like a lot of cattle. You know how they turn cattle out in a pasture? Well after freedom, you know, colored people didn have nothing. bleached people didnhave no beds when they was slaves. We always slep on the floor, pallet here, and a pallet there. Jus like, uh, lot of, uh, wild people, we didn, we didn know nothing. Didn allow you to look at no book.An there was some free-born colored people, why they had a little education, but there was very few of them, where we was. An they all had uh, what you call, I might call it now, uh, clink centers, was jus the same as we was in jail. -Fountain Hughes. This man described how, after being freed, he and his family lived the life that nomads lived. They traveled around aimlessly, trying to find any place they could possibly stay. He described themselves like cattle which w as an understatement because cattle could at least count on being fed. They could eat the grass of the land but the newly freed slaves would be lucky if they could find a piece of fruit.The freed slaves had no money, no beds like Fountain said, no education, basically they had nothing to call their own. existent free was as if they were living in jail Hughes thought, and many others agreed. An my father was dead, an my mother was living, but she had three, four other little children, an she had to put them all to work for to help take care of the others. So we had what you call, worse than dogs has got it now. Dogs has got it now better than we had it when we come along. -Richard Toler. Families were torn apart when all members had to work in order for the family to be able to buy the essential necessities they needed to live. Toler said dogs have better lives now than the lives of black families after being freed which shows just how much of a fuddle the south was in. Many white people did not accept this idea of freeing the slaves so this had many colored people feeling insecure and out of place. Some white people would go out of their way to try and hurt the colored people like the KKK did.Frederick Douglass run outs about the idea of consecrate in Getting Help from Others He said he met an Irishman who felt it was a pity for Douglass to be a slave. He then told Douglass to run away to the north where he would find friends there to help him.I pretended not to be interested in what they said and treated them as if I did not understand them for I feared they might be treacherous. White men have been known to encourage slaves to escape, and then, to get the reward, catch them and return them to their masters. Douglass had this distrust when he was a slave but these feelings were carried on even after people like Douglass were freed. They felt they could not trust anyone but their own people. This idea is seen in the Tar Baby story as well. The main purpose of this tale was to show black people that they shouldnt go out of their way to talk to others. It was better to keep their mouths shut and thoughts to themselves because opening up to white folks could only get them into trouble. Since the colored people did not fit in, they kept to themselves which didnt seem like true freedom.Douglass also said in Thoughts of Escape that he and the slaves rather bear those ills we had, than fly to others, that we knew not of. Once he and every other slave was freed, this is essentially what happened. They had to move and re-adapt to new ills and complications which challenged them as slavery had challenged them once before. The whole time being slaves, black people finally started believe that slavery was what they were meant to do and it was alright for them to be treated at a lower level. Setting them free in an unaccepting world with no help or direction forced them once again, to cope with new problems and start a new theory about what it wa s they were really supposed to be doing or could be doing if it wasnt working and slaving for the white man.

History of Special Education

Special education only began when parent-organized groups started advocating for disabled childrens rights. Prior to this, disabled children were considered crippled, dump, mentally spoilt or feeble-minded, (J. E. Wallace Wallin, 1924). They were therefore excluded from education in unrestricted institutions. By 1975, more than half of disabled children were denied an opportunity to education. (William N. Myhill, 2004) However, during the 1950s and 1960s several parent-organized groups of advocacy emerged. much(prenominal) groups included the American Association on Mental Deficiency, Muscular Dystrophy Association, and Mental Retardation Panel by John F.Kennedy among others. These groups advocacy necessitated establishment of schools for children with disabilities, twain at the local and state levels. The advocacy also led to states concern for special education. Several legislations that aimed at development and implementation of programs for the need of children with disabili ties and their families were also passed. In 1958, 1959 and 1961 three laws PL 85-926, PL 86-158 and the Teachers of the Deaf Act, respectively were passed. These laws helped in the training of teachers who to work with the mentally disabled and the deaf.In 1965 the state also approved the Elementary and secondhand reproduction Act and the State Schools Act. With these acts in place, states got access to grant funds for the education of children with disabilities (James J. Cremins, 1983). The United States Congress also approved the Education for All disabled Children Act (EHA) in 1975. This law was to protect the rights of children with disabilities and their families. The law later became the legislative foundation through which special education received federal funding (James J. Cremins, 1983).In 1997 and 2004 the EHA was re-authored and renamed the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), changing the procedures for disability identification and demanding for high standards of qualification for teachers of special education. IDEA advocated for a Free and Appropriate Education (FAPE) to every student. Court cases confound also been vital in shaping of special education. For instance, the Pennsylvania Association for Retarded Children (PARC) challenged the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in 1971 for the exclusion of mentally handicapped from public schools.The courts ruled out this discrimination. This case extended into 1972, with a ruling that children with disabilities be given education irrespective of its cost following a case change by Mills against the District of Columbia (William N. Myhill, 2004) In 1998, Honig filed a case against Doe when two students were suspended for disruptive conduct resulting from their disabilities. The court ruled that students could not be punished for a disability-related misbehavior. As well, three different cases Diana v State Board of Education (1970), Hobson v Hansen (1967-1968) and the Larry P. Riles c ase filled in 1979, anatomy a ruling on disability tests. The court ruled out the use of IQ, culturally biased and language-biased tests whose use to place a student in special education class was common. Special education has undergone remarkable transition from the time when disabled children were simply ignored to today when a good tot up of programs for these children have been developed (James J. Cremins, 1983). There are now numerous professionals who evaluate children with disabilities and place them into the best conditions for their learning.References James J. Cremins, (1983). Legal and Political Issues in Special Education45 J. E. Wallace Wallin, (1924). The Education of Handicapped Children Losen, Daniel J. & Orfield, Gary (2002), Introduction to Racial Inequality in Special Education. The Civil Rights Project at Harvard University Harvard Education Press. William N. Myhill, (2004). No FAPE for Children with Disabilities in the Milwaukee Parental pickax Program Time t o Redefine a Free Appropriate Public Education, 89 Iowa L. Rev. 1051, 1055

Colgate Pricing Strategy

In a highly competitive vocal c are market, Colgate holds its own, and maintains a category leadership perplex. The companys strategies to category growth are accomplished by long-term, joint planning with retailers understanding consumers and how they shop and employing integrated marketing to demonstrate the benefits of unused intersections. The company has long been on the voyage to establish the best brush possible, and in doing so, has developed a number of impeccable productions along the way.The introduction of the Wisp portable mini-brush, which was voted 2010 Product of the Year and marketed through online video and friendly media, increased Colgates market share of the U. S. manual toothbrushes to a record 32. 2% last year. In the toothpaste segment, Colgate took the leadership position with 36. 2%. Earlier this year, Colgate introduced Wisp Plus Whitening with over 15 million impressions in the endorse quarter. Articles in Fitness and InStyle magazines and mentions on The View television program and numerous blogs further promoted awareness of the product, as did sampling at colleges and conducting a Facebook fan drive.In keeping up with consumer trends, Colgate began to focus on features, nurse and professional recommendations. Consumers first purchased toothbrushes without much knowledge or information concerning the products benefits. As refreshing product development increased, and consumers became better informed slightly the benefits of toothbrushes, they began to focus their interest not only on cavity prevention, but also on the health of their gums, their oral hygiene, and their cosmetic appearance.Because consumer interest and toothbrush purchases began to increase, advertizement and promotion also began to increase, which lead to the development and addition of the super- amplitude product class (McCarthy, 2002). Consumers began to purchase toothbrushes based on the specific benefits each toothbrush and company had to clear up er. One study identified 46% of adults as being therapeutic brushers that is, brushers acting primarily to avoid cavaties and other problems with oral care (Pauszek, 2009). In reaction, Colgate developed the fresh Prescision toothbrush.CP tracked consumers brushing movements and how they affected plaque removal, thereby developing a brush with a varation of burst lengths to thoroughly clean hard to reach areas (Younger, 2002). Production began in 1989 when the company send together a question team whose purpose was aimed at testing the design of the toothbrush, how the company would market the product, and how the company would earn a competitive advantage over others. Colgate-Palmolives mission was to develop a superordinate, technical, plaque-removing device (Laidler, 2003).The research team tested and experimented with the toothbrush for eighteen months by the usage of dental professional focus groups and product usage tests. This led to the introduction stage of the pro duct life cycle, with the launching of the clearcutness toothbrush to the oral health care market in 1993 (Laidler, 2003). Colgate-Palmolive postulateed many different clears, which included, Colgate System III, Colgate Advantage, Colgate 1. 2. 3, Colgate Contour, Colgate Sensation, and Colgate Probe (Laidler, 2003).Colgate-Palmolive decided upon the key preciseness, because they did not want a name that could lead customers to associate the new toothbrush with their already alert toothbrush, Colgate Plus. The price budget for promotion was set at 14. 4 million dollars. The companys promotion plan was to induce trial (Laidler, 2003). Colgate Palmolive planned to promote the Precision toothbrush by offering a free five-ounce tube of toothpaste or a fifty percent off coupon that could be put towards any other size of toothpaste to every consumer who purchased a Precision toothbrush, and by offering $. 0 off coupons (Younger, 2002).The position of the Precision toothbrush could be niche or mainstream (Colgate Palmolive, 2009). The focus of niche positioning would be placed on consumers who are concerned about the prevention of gum diseases. in that respect would be many positive benefits to the company if Colgate-Palmolive were to position the Precision toothbrush as a niche product. These benefits would include one, by targeting the segment of consumers who are worried about gum disease Colgate-Palmolive would be able to charge premium prices (Colgate Palmolive, 2009).Two, Colgate-Palmolive would be able to differentiate the Precision toothbrush from other toothbrushes, because of Precisions technological high quality over the other toothbrushes already on the market. In contrast, mainstream positioning would place emphasis on the Precision toothbrush as being the most appealing and effective toothbrush available on the market. The advantages of use mainstream positioning for the Precision toothbrush would be that most retail stores are under a mainstrea m position rather than a niche position.In addition, in the super-premium category, the Precision toothbrush would be the most gilt-edged product (Younger, 2002). By positioning the toothbrush as a mainstream product, it would in slip away increase name recognition for Colgate. Negative advantages of using mainstream positioning for the Precision toothbrush are that although the toothbrush would be superior to the other super-premium toothbrushes, the prices for the Precision and other brushes would be equal. Equal prices would then lead to increased competition, which in return could cause prices to go up.A second disadvantage could also lead to the cannibalization of Colgate-Palmolives other super-premium toothbrush, the Colgate Plus. By producing a superior toothbrush, that offers more qualities than the other toothbrushes available on the market, at or around the same price as the competition, consumers will hopefully want to purchase the Precision toothbrush over the others. There will be more qualities offered at no extra charge. The price of the toothbrush if positioned as a mainstream product will have to be equal to the prices of the other toothbrushes already available on the market.If the Precision toothbrush is profitable and there is a high percentage of consumer demand, then Colgate-Palmolive might want to consider increasing the price of the toothbrush by a small margin. The price of a product says something about the quality. Even though the quality of the Precision toothbrush will be significantly higher than other leading toothbrushes, the price of the toothbrush will be determined by the prices of the other toothbrushes already in the market (McCarthy, 2002). This pricing strategy is a result of positioning the toothbrush as a mainstream product rather than a niche product.

Consult

Consult Patient Name Adela Torres Hospital ID 13246 Consultant Sachi Kato, M. D. , Dermatology Requesting Physician Leon Medina, M. D. , Internal medicinal drug Date of Consult 06/23/2011 Reason for Consultation Please evaluate stomatitis, possibly amethopterin related. narrative OF PRESENT ILLNESS The patient is a very pleasant 57-year old female, a native of Cuba, be seen for evaluation and treatment for sores in her mouth that she has had for the last 10-12 days.The patient has a long history of grueling and debilitating rheumatoid arthritis for which she has had numerous treatments, but over the past ten age she has been treated with methotrexate quite successfully. Her dosage has varied somewhere between 20 and 25 mg per week. About the stolon of this year, her dosage was decreased from 25 mg to 20 mg, but because of a flare of the rheumatoid arthritis, it was increase to 22. 5 mg per week. She has had no problems with methotrexate as far as she knows.She withal took an NSAID round a month ago that was recently discontinued because of the ulcerations in her mouth. About two weeks ago, just nearly the time the stomatitis began, she was placed on an antibiotic for suspected upper respiratory infection. She does not remember the separate of the antibiotic, although she claims she remembers taking this type of medication in the past without any problems. She was on that medication, triad pills a day, for three to four days. She notes no other problems with her uncase. She remembers no allergic reactions to medication.She has no previous history of fever blisters. (Continued) meditate Patient Name Hospital ID13246 Page 2 PHYSICAL EXAMINATION Reveals superficial erosions along the lips, peculiarly the level lips, the posterior buccal mucosa, along the sides of the tongue, and also some superficial erosions along the upper and lower gingiva. Her posterior pharynx was difficult to visualize, but I saw no erosions on the areas today. There did yet a ppear to be one small erosion on the soft palate. Examination of the rest of her skin revealed no areas of dermatitis or blistering.There were some macular hyperpigmentation on the right arm where she has had a previous burn, positivist the deformities from her rheumatoid arthritis on her hands and feet, as well as scars on her knees from total joint shift surgeries. IMPRESSION Erosive stomatitis, probably secondary to methotrexate. Even though the medication has been used for ten years without any problems, methotrexate whitethorn produce an erosive stomatitis and enteritis after such a use. The patient also may provoke an enteritis that at this point may have become more quiescent, as she notes that she did have some diarrhea about the time her mouth problem developed.She has had no diarrhea today, however. She has noted no blood in her stools and has had no episodes of nausea or vomiting. Im not as acquainted(predicate) with the NSAID causing an erosive stomatitis. I understa nd that it can cause gastrointestinal upset, but granted the choice between the two, I would think the methotrexate is the most likely etiology for the stomatitis. RECOMMENDED THERAPY I total with your therapeutic regimen regarding this condition with the use of prednisone and folic acid. I also agree that the methotrexate mustiness be discontinued in order to produce a resolution of this patients skin problem.However, in my experience, this stomatitis may take a number of weeks to go away completely if a patient has been on methotrexate, for an widen period of time, because the medication is stored within the liver and in fatty tissue. Topically I have ordained Lidex gel, which I find works extremely well in stomatitis conditions. It can be applied t. i. d. (Continued) cite Patient Name Hospital ID13246 Page 3 Thank you very much for allowing me to share in the care of this pleasant patient. I will follow her with you as needed. _________________________ Sachi Kato, M. D. SKY M D06/23/2011 T06/23/2011

Middle-Range Theory Continues to Guide Nursing Practice

Middle Range hypothesis Continues to Guide breast feeding Practice Lisa M. Sanford Maryville University Middle Range Theory Continues to Guide Nursing Practice Nursing speculation has three distinct categories to describe the level of precis Grand, Middle-Range, and Situation-Specific (Meleis, 2012, p. 33). Hugh McKenna (1997) defined these three categories, stating Grand scheme is highly abstract and is broad in scope. Middle-range theory is to a greater extent focuse and is normally the end product of a research study.Narrow-range theory is even more unique(predicate) and while also being based on research findings, it strings specific actions in the achievement of suitable goals (p. 17). When thinking about breast feeding theory, one might ask What is the purpose of theory? Is it even applicable to current treat practice? The best response to answer these questions I have found is from Meleis (2012) The first uses of theory ar to provide insights about nurse practice situations and to guide research. Through interaction with practice, theory is shaped and guidelines for practice evolve.Research validates, refutes, and/or modifies theory as well as generates new theory. Theory consequently guides practice (p. 35). This explanation of theory by Meleis identifies nursing as a profession. Without theory to shape and guide nursing practice and research, nursing would not evolve and would remain stagnant. Additionally, without theory could take ins really claim that we are a profession? I think not. I believe that theory is necessary for the personal identity of nursing as a profession verses a vocation.The nursing profession as a whole has had issues with identity for various reasons. I believe this to be true in part due to the numerous educational ways of entering the profession. I cannot think of any other field where one could earn two a diploma, two-year associates degree or a four-year baccalaureate degree as a starting point into a profes sion. The educational debate still continues, however, in recent age more emphasis is being made to have the baccalaureate nurse the entry level of the nursing profession.Evidence from research has suggested that the baccalaureate-prepared nurse is associated with a five percent lower mortality rates in both the likelihood of patients dying inside 30 days of admission and the odds of failure to rescue in hospitalized guests (Aiken, Clarke, Cheung, Sloane, & Silber, 2003, p. 1617). This research study was conducted because nursing is a profession. Would research in nursing even exist if thither were no theory? All in all, taken to its end, the loss of theory could mean the demise of nursing as a profession.When reflecting on current trends of clinical practice, I feel that middle-range theories are more applicable. Middle-range theories are broad enough to incorporate in everyday clinical practice for the average floor nurse without being too narrow in scope as the situation-specif ic theories. Additionally, middle-range theories are less abstract than bossy theories and are easier to relate to and put into practice (Liehr & Smith, 1999, p. 85). One example of applying middle-range nursing theory into practice is patient education. Patient education is a major focus of the clients I serve post transplant.It is imperative that a newly transplanted client understand his/her medications that are such an integral part of their new life in order to maintain the transplanted organ. Caring through Relation and Dialogue A Middle-Range Theory for Patient reading is derived from the two disciplines of nursing and education (Sanford, 2000, p. 8). According to Sanford (2000), A middle-range theory addressing the phenomenon of patient education through sympathize with can add clarity and direction to this area of concern for nursing, and it can provide an opportunity to colligate theory, practice, and research (p. ). Caring and dialogue are described in this theory as follows Dialogue is a process of naming our world. It is a process that opens the possibility for participants to pose problems, to critically reflect, and to perceive solutions not previously realized. This process occurs within a caring relation where the attentionr and the cared-for exhibit receptivity and engage in reflection, invitation, assessment, revision, and further exploration (p. 9). Another example of the applicability of middle-range theory is the theory of care transitions.A hot composition in todays times involves hospital acquired conditions (HACs) and readmission rates. Medicare expenditures are estimated at $15 billion p.a. due to readmissions (Averill, et al. , 2009, p. 1). As a result, policymakers have implemented the The Deficit Reduction Act of 2005, which eliminates any add-on in hospital payments due to the occurrence of HACs. Furthermore, it is viewed that high readmission rates are a reflection of curt quality, and ospital payments for readmissions we re recommended in the FY2010 budget from the Obama Administration to reduce payments for readmissions as one way of controlling Medicare expenditures (Averill, et al. , 2009, p. 1). As a staff nurse, I am all aware of the importance of HACs and the importance of diligent documentation. For example, when a client is admitted a thorough assessment is completed. Wounds and skin breakdown are crucial to document upon an admission or a transferred client to our division.If the documentation of skin assessment is not completed correctly, then the blame is dictated on our unit for an ulceration if it was not charted within 24 hours of admission. What are the causes or issues that surround care transitions? Increasingly fragmented care is one reason associated with hospital readmission rates. Issues include communication breakdowns related to plans of care, undecipherable expectations, uncertainty about illness trajectories, lack of continuity in medical follow-up, and incomplete or inacc urate understanding of medication regimens (Geary & Schumacher, 2012, p. 237).In my practice of nursing, the utilization of inpatient care management for clients begins upon admission in conceptualization for discharge. A multidisciplinary approach of the transplant team includes the doctors, inpatient nurses, social workers, dieticians, case coordinators, post-transplant coordinators, and transplant pharmacists working unitedly to coordinate and ensure continuity of care upon discharge. According to Geary & Schumacher (2012), Through the transition process, agents act and interact within relationship with each other, causing emergence of new behaviors and outcomes.Just as important, through supportive dialogue and discussion, sensemaking is enabled for everyone snarled in the transition, effectively reenvisioning multiple understandings of the situation and changing outcomes for the better (p. 246). Middle-range nursing theories can be viewed as a cookbook for nursing. There are many recipies in the middle-range theories which can be utilized by the average hospital-based nurse in a variety of ways. In any given 12-hour shift of a nurse, there are several theories which can be applied to specific situations.I have unknowingly used nursing theory in my practice over the years. This course has brought to my attention the diverse ways in which I have used middle-range nursing theories and has given me a better understanding of how nursing theory is applied to current clinical nursing practice. It is my opinion that middle-range nursing theories will continue to guide nursing practice throughout the 21st Century. References Aiken, L. H. , Clarke, S. P. , Cheung, R. B. , Sloane, D. M. , & Silber, J. H. (2003).Educational Levels of Hospital Nurses and Surgical Patient Mortality. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 290(12), 1617-1623. Averill, R. F. , McCullough, E. C. , Hughes, J. S. , Goldfield, N. I. , Vertrees, J. , & Fuller, R. L. (2009, Summer) . Redisigning the Medicare con PPS to Reduce Payments to Hospitals with High Readmission Rates. Health Care Financing Review, 30(4), 1-15. Geary, C. R. , & Schumacher, K. L. (2012). Care Transitions Integrating Transition Theory and complexity Science Concepts.Advances in Nursing Science, 35(3), 236-248. Liehr, P. , & Smith, M. J. (1999). Middle Range Theory Spinning Research and Practice to constitute Knowledge forthe New Millennium. Advances in Nursing Science, 21(4) 81-91. McKenn, H. (1997). Nursing Theories and Models. New York Routledge. Meleis, A. I. (2012). Theoretical Nursing Development and mature (5th ed. ). Philadelphia Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins. Sanford, R. (2000, March). Caring through Relation and Dialogue A Nursing Perspective for Patient Education. Advances in Nursing Science, 22(3), 1-15.