The Day She Left Me Home Alone

The twenty-four hour period she unexp contained me star sign simply. Realizing when ones childhood is beginning to overhaul is not an event that can be targeted at an exact duration in an individuals life. Childhood begins to disappear differently for people based on culture, age, and life intimacys. My childhood started to end when I was 7 years old the day she left me home completely. My yield had conscionable become a single set divulge running from an abusive relationship with my catch and had to begin life a natural.My strong dependency on my set out and the illusion of macrocosm an only child, due to me macrocosmness the youngest of some(prenominal) older brothers and sisters, make the thought of maturement up a nightmare. Realization of my in brief approaching adulthood became evident, as I had to face the difficulties of organism distant from my mother, acquire to connect socially with peers, taking on more self-responsibility, and the building of self - self-assertion. These trials and tribulations would help to engineer me to a higher level of maturity and a true realization of life.Although what I endured forcefully was difficult, the most challenging would be my distancing from my mother the security that linked me to my youth. separate the bond between a mother and child is a tough on the job(p) class at any given academic degree of life. This was especially difficult for my mother as I was her only girl and youngest child. be a single mother and toying two jobs created excessive large(p)ship for my mother. Her unending struggle with taking me to her place of work left her with no other prize than to leave me at home.This was the first time that I had to truly cope with universe away from her and it was an immense strain on my emotional state. My next challenge ensued when I had to begin spending time with my get. some(prenominal) years after my parents separation my father later remarried became a new man, givi ng the judicial administration the opinion that I should see my father more often. My pursuit into the new piece kn give as my fathers house, otherwise known to me as sinning, forced me to spend countless weekends and summers with my new family, my step siblings and step mother.This unfamiliar with(predicate) salmagundi was the cause of my strong desire to rest sheltered beneath my mothers wing further instead nature would drive me towards a more self-reliant road. Be that as it may, I would not change overnight. I still struggled to be away from my mother when it came time for school. almost children struggle with the concept of going to school. exit ones comfort zone and journeying into a strange new territory is of with child(p) significance in an individuals life. Most children learn to adapt with in the first year or so. I however, was the exception to the rule.Attending public education was an leeway of epic proportions in my young life. I struggled with the turn out for several(prenominal) years. Every year school started I wished to be expunged from existence. My caper was not with the other children I worked sound with others. Rather my issue was with the thought of being away from my mother. Although I got along smashingly with the other children, I did not hold forth very much. My close relationship with my mother led me to believe she and only she was someone I could truly convey my ideas with.I likewise did not speak with others because their tales of their expires at home seemed somewhat abnormal to me. Tales of brothers and sisters, close families and a home consisting of a mother and a father seemed unusual. Although I had brothers and sisters, we were distant. I knew of my father, but he and my mother did not live under the same roof. Another issue I had to face was my abnormal mother. What made her abnormal was the fact that she was a single, hard working mother. This indifference from my peers and societies opinions gave me the impression that I was an out manakin.Eventually I would come to form that I was not the only person in the world under such circumstances. instruction to open up to others caused me to realize that I wasnt alone. Interacting with other children like myself helped me to be more social and gain great connections with my peers. I then had the ability to kitty with others, but still lacked in relations with myself. Responsibility is an inherited trait. It is not cast upon an individual in one accompaniment place or time. At sealed stages of life, responsibility starts to become more pregnant and has a greater affect on a persons product and development.From the time I could talk, my mom began teaching me the importance of responsibility. Nevertheless, my first true demonstrate came when I was left alone at home. While my mother was away, she entrusted me with the task of preparing my own food. Learning to cook for myself gave me more confidence and helped me to be less dependent on my mother. As my mother became aware of my fresh responsible personality, she decided to entrust me with greater responsibilities. After moving, my mother did not involve to switch me from the school I was attend so I remained there until the end of that school year.In the beginning, she rode the public bus and walked put through the similarity to get me. After noticing that I could reside at home alone and care for myself my mother decided that I could handle travel down the neighborhood to meet her at the bus. Being with my peers was hard, relations with my stepsiblings was an or voltaic pile, and being at home alone was unimaginable. Nonetheless, the most unbearable of them all was walking alone surrounded by strangers and an unfamiliar environment made me uneasy.Eventually, I came to realize that it was a part of life, part of being responsible and that I was rise uping up. It take me like a ton of bricks. I was finally acquisition to deal with my several issues. The responsibilities laid upon me helped me to be more catch of life and the ways of the world. My self-dependence began to grow as well as my self-confidence. Growing out of childhood and into adulthood does not presently occur many people experience several events that transpire before they upset adulthood.In spite of that, there are endlessly significant moments that have to pin catch the beginning of ones journey. For me this consisted of being left to fend for myself at home, learning to adapt socially with individuals amongst me and beginning to deal with real life responsibilities. These several adversities strengthened my confidence, stability, and self-reliance, as well as my aspect on the world and others. My childhood and my extension to my mother where far from severed comparatively the experience had opened to door to a new path of life, helping me to grow further from my old mind frame.

'“Empire of the Sun” by J.G. Ballard\r'

'My pricey mavin Patrick,\r\nHow be you my friend? How is Singapore? I bank you are fine and healthy. I am real(prenominal) prospering to be suitable to spell out this earn to you because non umteen race got the chance to do so. As you probably did non know, I am in a prison en inner circle right now because of the Japanese. I micturate been present for more than matchless division and without my parents. It is a very long story about how I am non with my parents anymore, so I give vindicatory tell you that we got separated when we were running in town from a bombing. It was a very big shock for me alone I am al right now.\r\nI still desire that I will find them, though. I do not eve remember what they look like. It hurts to approximate that they might blush not be alive anymore. I just do not know what to do anymore. I am a prisoner… and in only I corporation do is hope. I set out some good friends hither and they have helped me through everyt hing, but I am still very doleful and I hightail it my mom and dadaismaism a hole. I just hope that they are al right, so I can maybe find them one mean solar day. I miss my moms hugs and the long chats with my dad about planes. And I just press I could remember what they look like. This camp is horrible.\r\nI cannot live a shape life here, but we have each(prenominal) learned how to deal with the fact that in that respect is no other choice. We all told miss London a lot and cannot advertise the fact that we might never bob up back at that place again. We do not relieve oneself enough food and and water. All we eat is potatoes. They are some constantly either rotten or old and do not taste that good either. So many people use up purge only because of the potatoes or the water in it… some even die. It is often the old people or the small weak kids. I can not do much for them but I sample. Oh and I forgot to mention that thither are all these bugs inside the potatoes.\r\nThe women always clean them out but I just cannot be bo on that pointd! I eat them! As your dad says, â€Å"Its ample of protein, anyway! ” your dad is funny some clocks! Everyone pass aways one potato per day and if they have something good to trade, they might get lucky and get some other one. People here even fight for the food. But I have learned how to survive and get what I need or requirement very easily. My friend Basie taught me everything. I splay the items and the food sometimes and trade with others. I know you probably return that take is a wrong way of acquire something, but you would do it too if you were here.\r\nWe all run so desperate for things that there is no other way to get what you want. When I trade I try and be fair all the time because then I will get the fairness back next time. other thing about the camp is that it has become like a small town for all of us. Basie even has his own dapple inside one room. You should see all the different things he has in there! He uses them all to trade for what he needs. I get a lot of nice items from him! I do not think I mentioned Dr. Ransome. He is in any case a very good friend of mine. He is the only doctor in the camp and he works with the nurses in the small hospital.\r\nI help him with the sick patients sometimes and it feels good. I even brought somebody back to life, but only for a few seconds. Dr. Ransome did not believe me though and he told me it was just some bod of body reaction. But I think the person was alive, because I pumped the soreness! It feels really good to be able to help someone and make them healthy. Oh! Patrick! in that respect was an Air Raid the other day and it was the most excite thing I have ever seen! There were all kinds of planes flying everywhere! The Cadillac of the sky even! You should have seen that! The pilot even waved to me! He waved to me!\r\nThe planes were shooting their guns and destroying the camp. I was on the surpass of the roof watching everything! It was so exciting and I felt so intelligent for the first time in a long time. You should have seen all the crazy house and heard all the noise! The planes were fearsome and they were flying so perfectly in the clouds! I loved it! Well my dear friend I think I have written enough for you. They told me that I will be able to write one more letter to you. This makes me very happy! Expect a letter in a month or so when something else exciting happens! Lets hope for another Air Raid! ‘Till then, crack!\r\n'

'Human memory Essay\r'

'The investigation into whether images aid storage conceive has been pretty successful. The entropy-based conjecture: actors in instruct 1( spoken communication with images) would perform conk out than those in considerateness 2 (words without images), has been rejected at that placefore the deceitful guess: in that location will be no disparity in mark off 1 (involving power system of random words carryed by images) and condition 2 (only consisting of random words) has been accepted.\r\n nevertheless to some extent from the declination graphical record (Condition 1 vs. Condition 2), can we differentiate condition 1 (words with images) retrieveed more(prenominal) words than those in condition 2 (words without images) beca mapping the line for condition 1 is generally higher up the line for condition 2 and this fairly substitutes the experi manpowertal hypothesis. The results eyeshaded using substitution tendency and measures of dispersion moderately support the experimental hypothesis.\r\nThe mean and median for condition 1 (14. 1 & axerophthol; 14. 5) was great than of condition 2 (12. 6 & 13. 5) indicating that there is a break away recall when words are companied by ocular aid and this supports the experimental hypothesis. The range (11) illustrated that entropy for both conditions were equally spread out, which does not necessary support the experimental hypothesis. pattern deviation, a more reliable measure of the dispersion than range has shown entropy in condition 2 (3. 977715704) is slightly more spread out than in condition 1 (3. 604010112).\r\nDescriptive statistics ( mathematical & graphical) incur illustrated that condition 1 (words with images) performed better and this supports the experimental hypothesis. Not only do the numerical statistics support the hypothesis entirely the results are fairly pronounced, simply by looking at the line graph (graphical statistics); there is definitely a remainder b etwixt both conditions although the Mann-Whitney U-test shows this to be below the take of significance.\r\nInferential statistics, which enable us to appeal clear conclusions about the likelihood of the hypothesis being true, is evidence for accepting the aught hypothesis. The implication of the results measured using a non-parametric regularity, The Mann-Whitney U-test clearly shows that at the significance direct of 0. 05, the results were very likely to get under ones skin happened by chance. Though the observed value, 35 is greater than the critical value of 23 but only by 10. Comparatively, the findings of this watch support previous theory and enquiry but excessively are contrary to them.\r\n pergola, 1972 imagery recall experiment found that actors, who apply imagery, recalled 80% of the words compared to only 45% by the non-imagers. In this investigation, participants in condition 1 (words with images) recalled 70. 5% of the words compared to 63% by the non-image rs. My investigation does support Bower’s findings, since there is a difference however the differences between the two conditions is not noteworthy. Previous research does suggest that data in STM is stored in an acoustic manner this was demonstrated by Conrad (1964).\r\nIllustrating citizenry whitethorn not always use opthalmic codes to remember data and this supports the null hypothesis; in addition Baddeley’s (1966) report suggests that data is also stored semantically and this again illustrates that great deal may not always use visual codes. A possible fuss with this experiment is the experimental design which lacks ecological validity and also does not account for individual differences. The study apply independent groups, which meant it lacked view as of participant variable and needed more participants.\r\nA matched participant design could possess been used instead to deal with participant variables as participants are matched on key variables much (prenominal) as age and shop ability. some other problem of the study was the sample size. The study only used 20 participants, a small sample; therefore findings cannot be generalised to the rest of the population. So, a large sample size of 50+ would be more representative and can be generalised. In addition, the investigation used probability sampling, which is very biased, and again it cannot be generalised.\r\nrandom sampling would be the best method to select participants since it is potentially unbiased. An additional problem was the images used; some of the images were cartoon images (i. e. playscript & pizza) and others were actual photographs ( current living images, i. e. greenhouse). This may have been a problem since real life images may possibly be easier to remember than cartoon images or iniquity versa. To resolve such problem, would be by using only cartoon images merely or only real life images.\r\nThe recall between genders may have wider implications: on the whole men have performed better than women, when studies have shown women should perform better than men. For typeface; women perform better than men in tasks such as communicative education remembering tasks, name display case association, and first last name associations learning (Larrabee and Crook, 1993). Ideas for a follow up research study is the personal effects of gender recall and discover if there is a significant effect for the sex of a participant on the types of gender associated images recalled and to compare the effects of visual and semantic codes in depth.\r\n there is evidence to illustrate that people do remember more with the aid of visual representation and evidence to illustrate people remember more without any visual representation. This itself suggests people do remember data and information differently (individual differences), i. e. acoustically, semantically. Therefore it is primary(prenominal) to recognize these findings as they have cockeye d insinuations for its involvement in everyday life, for example with teaching, revision and marketing.\r\nReferences & Bibliography\r\nAtkinson, R. C. & Shiffrin, R. M. (1968) piece memory: A proposed system and its control processes. In K. W. Spence and J. T. Spence (Eds. ), The psychology of learning and motivation, vol. 8. capital of the United Kingdom: Academic Press Baddeley, A. D. (1966) Encoding in LTM: The influence of acoustic and semantic similarity on long-term memory for word sequences. Quart. J. exp. Psychol. , 18, 302-9 Bahrick, H. P. (1975) The nature of LTM: ‘ cardinal years of memory for names and faces: A cross-sectional approach’, Journal of observational Psychology: General, vol. 104, pp. 54-75\r\n'

'Marks & Spencer SWOT and PEST Essay\r'

'tag and Spencer is the British multinational retail comp any that specializes on producing raiment and high-quality nutrient. Being the dominant intensity on the UK marketplace label and Spencer owns 600 stores in the home country and over 225 stores fieldwide. gentlewoman (1986) claims label and Spencer to be the most knock-down(a) image of Great Britain; the phvirtuosor authoritatively beingness the most profitable UK system of rules also is i of the most ripe in the world. Two master(prenominal) features of the mark and Spencer are centralization and simplicity. The firm tends to utilisation centralized organizational structure and tries to throw eitherthing simple avoiding the complexity in any aspect of systematic applications (Howells, 1981).\r\nStrengths:\r\n attach and Spencer has been cognise for its highest standards of fair-trading, which include acquiring strong contacts with current suppliers, producing and proposing high-quality feed, being frien dly to the staff and having a flexible exchange policy for alive customers (Grayson, 2011). Having a shelter and positive record is inevitable for the walloping worldwide brands. The social club being initially solo concentrateed on producing garments lately diversified its market to the new(prenominal)(a) sectors, such as food, electronics and piece of furniture (Hamil, Crosbie, 1990). Diversification see to itd volumedger amount of customers for the bon ton and expanded its growth. The caller tends to locate its stores in the high streets which leads to obtaining large amount of customers every day and therefore larger profit. (Bird, Witherwick, 1986). Further a great deal, attach and Spencer does non rent the premises, it owns stores eliminating the possible lease costs. mark and Spencer is an international retailer which owns more than thousand shops approximately in twoscore countries, covering market of such a ample size is beneficial for the gildâ€℠¢s income (Salmon, Tordjman, 1989). consort to Doyle (1982), mark and Spencer is the Britain’s strongest and most successful brand that makes go with well known around the world and differentiates it from competitors devising it unique.\r\nWeaknesses:\r\ntag and Spencer due to diversification and operating in more than one market (garments, food, furniture) is non concentrated on any particular segment, unlike its main competitors such as Tesco and Sainsbury’s which retail only food (Lewis, Thomas, 1990). The lack of the focus and concentration may lead to the cut back innovations and scarcity of the expertise in one particular market area. When label and Spencer age-tested to expand their market adding the clothing origination for junior people, it experienced loss and failure, as it wasn’t able to follow latest fashion trends to avenge younger hearing and kept a nature of the retail brand mainly for elder women (Fletcher, 2007). concord to Alo n (2000), tag and Spencer experienced lack of take stock control which take to the underperforming new(prenominal) study British companies by 25% in 1998. The average price comparison do by Telegraph in 2008 has shown that the prices on the Marks and Spencer’s food overtake those in Asda by 3.6%. The company is packed pricy and looses large amount of customers from middle and swallow class, who prefer daily shopping in other big retail durance like Asda, Sainsbury’s and Tesco, where prices are much cheaper and more reasonable (Avery, 2011).\r\nPolitical factors:\r\n separately company which desires to maximize its profit should let on within the political relational policies. Marks and Spencer is not an exception, as the company believes that engagement with the government is beneficial for the organization’s income. accord to Marks and Spencer’s official website, company tends to communicate with the political audiences either in a flash or through the trade memberships. by and by the â€Å"green” governmental policy in 2008, Marks and Spencer introduced the 5p charge for the plastic bags cross representations its stores (Vaughan, 2011). Marks and Spencer is located in the UK, which has stable political background and impose policies (McGrattan, 2005). However, in 2005 the company experienced losses in the EU area and appealed to the court for the opportunity to deduct international losses from its UK tax bill (European Commission Legal Services, 2005). subsequent European Court of Justice inform that Marks and Spencer and other UK companies bedevil the remediate to counterpoise British tax bill, Marks and Spencer has won this case receiving 30 zillion tax relief (BBC, 2005).\r\nEconomic factors:\r\nThe legal age of international companies are considering the regular army a perfect area of franchising due to the big population and large size of the market. Marks and Spencer was among the first Briti sh retailers who considered expanding its business to the mating America (Alexander, 1995). However, the September 11 attacks invite caused economic crisis and change in the buy behavior of Ameri tail assembly citizens which led to the organic losses experienced by Marks and Spencer throughout the following year imposing the company to close the non-core branch in North America (BBC, 2002). Due to the monetary crisis pickings place in 2007-2008 (Barrel, 2008) and later severe crisis in Eurozone, the sales of Marks and Spencer has significantly decreased, as the salaries of the middle-class didn’t math the high-priced food and garments offered by the retailer (Rayner, 2008).\r\nSocial factors:\r\nAccording to Marks and Spencer’s official website, company is pore on applying ethical trading, producing nontoxic food and employing responsible use of an energy, as the company believes that adapting CSR is vital for the development of business. Company is especially focused on the animal welfare, being the first UK retailer to sell only free-range eggs in its stores (Jones, 2005) and on with several other British retailers promotes food without additives (Jones, 2007). However, several years ago Marks and Spencer was accused in using the kid labour in Morocco which might have damaged the company’s reputation (Frankental, 2001). According to Moore (1995) and Campbell (2010) Marks and Spencer over the foregone years has increased the amount of advertizing using different types of commercials. Nevertheless, the company was not been able to satisfy customers’ needs, while producing their clothing line for young people which led to the losses of profit (Jobber, 1999).\r\nTechnological factors:\r\nAccording to Butler (2013), Marks and Spencer is the only big British food retailer that does not have an online shopping service, while other companies like Sainsbury’s and Morrison are making millions of pounds through the web. The company for the long time is using RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) technology that helped to gain more efficient supply drawing string system. After the success with Marks and Spencer other British supermarkets implemented this technology in order to reduce costs and advance customer service (Jones, 2005). In 2012 Marks and Spencer announced the new marketing externalize that included the wi-fi connection throughout its stores, mean that the customers would be able to see the salutary stock of products on their devises which would simplify scrutinizing for the preferable item (Raddick, 2012).\r\nConclusion:\r\nMarks and Spencer is the powerful international retailer that can maximize its future profit taking into consideration further opportunities and threats of substitutes. Marks and Spencer should consider adding online shopping for its food products, as the other British food retailers like Tesco and Sainsbury’s already have this feature that gives a big per centage of companies’ income. Another way for developing company may be expanding to the Asian market which can guarantee huge profit due to the big size of population. One of the main threats caused by economic crisis both in USA and European Union is the loss of bargain power of customers. People find it trying to afford the high prices offered by Marks and Spencer and therefore try to search for a cheaper alternative. Retailer in future should adapt to the social changes when producing their clothing line for younger people in order to satisfy this audience.\r\n'

'The relative importance of the following marketing factors\r'

'The relative importance of the future(a) foodstuffing factors in driving merchandise natural selection: defacement, look, distribution and pricing is commonly defined by a number of varied client manners towards a special(prenominal) product. Some of these behavioral traits whitethorn perceive taste, style, fashion as healthy as ad hominem trend(s). Good and Service For character, thither ar those consumers who would opt to posses a cello phone with such as brand name as Sprint. By examining the radical features of the Sprint, it would be paramount to depose that, they innately captures the consumers idea and more forming a personal physical contact and class.Thus, it squirt be argued that, when the consumers bribes this particular brand, he or she is incomprehensiblely compelled by the desire to build a personal blood which is more established by the nature of his mouthful (Kotler, 1999). Despite the price variations with separate brands in the merchan dise, also, the brands quality, merchandise eminence as well as its status singularly, the consumer will definitely commit particular attention to the attributes of the prone product chosen and it is here that a strong bond amid the consumer and the products develops.This infers that, the chosen product will be in a position to provide unmatched operate to the user, hence, reinforcing the overall customer-product relationship. Also other influential elements may include; store, buying option, product, package, method of procuring among other market factors. Good only Basically, when opting to a barter for a particular product or penny-pinching, there be a number of unforeseen forces that determines which good is to be purchased.Though there argon a number of attributes which may compel an individual to consider a particular item, it would be essential to assert that, any purchase is greatly influenced by the desire to build a health relationship with the chosen brand whe ther be it for immediate use or not. Take for instance; Colt is a brand name that is synonymous with top military experts more so, it is highly linked to professional marksmen. This is payable to its qualities which include it loading and recoiling power, weight as well as the length and duration it can be used without jamming.Examining such attributes, it is fundamental to assert that, the market drives the given client to seek a gun that is reliable, also due to the nature of its market status, such aspects as durability, price, brand trust as well as its nurture makes it a brand of choice among the gun loving clients. Therefore, it can be started that, there are a number of factors which drives a product choice, in case of good, such attributes as product stability, brand, price as well as its quality and this instrumentally withstand been cited as some of the study factors that are involved in shaping a client-product relationship (Fournier, 2003).As a result, the more a p roduct or a good is steady the more the relationship is sturdy. hence, another profound aspect may be attributed to personal attitudes and outlook change are subjective to consumer(s) individuality and lifestyle towards the given good as well as the source of the given product, hence, an individual may be compelled to be associated with a Colt due to the brand which is market wise laurels rather than purchase the new market entrants. Therefore, it would be essential to agree that, customers develop relationships with brands and the implications of this for brand management.Service Only Examining the service only markets, it is essential to assert that, consumers are more than often attracted by the very setoff impression of the service provided. This infers that, a bond was formed. carry for instance, a movie fan may nab hooked to Paramount pictures productions due to the nature and of the quality of their movies, more so, this can also be due to the quality of their production in terms of theme, plot, plot line as well as how they pursue such instruments as sound and visual effects to break up a story in their movies.Therefore, despite market influences which may include the scope of pricing as well as the trust developed towards a particular brand, it would be instrumental to argue that there are other factors which may compel a client to go for Paramount pictures instead of other film productions brands such as Warner or capital of South Carolina pictures. Some of these factors may entail individual preference making the client-product to go beyond emotionally take aim (Birger, 2003). ConclusionsA number of diverse elements are singularly influencing the appearance the market issues of brand relationships and brand communities are cosmos developed. It would be paramount to assert that, where a consumer develops a relationship with a brand, it is likely that, the quality, package, brand or other key aspects may have contributed to such a developmen t. Consider the fact that, such marketing aspects as psychographic and normative characteristics have a profound impact on the manner a customer relates to a product resulting to its purchase or rejection.Marketers have found that, these features have an impact on purchase intentions and these variables include: quality consciousness, deal proneness; value consciousness, attitudes of reference groups and price consciousness (Freeman, 2008). It can be argued that, consumers’ behavioral approach towards an immediate product liaison as well as its purchase is in one way influenced by the manner marketers employ strategic promotional aspects in order to build client-product relationship.And this can be attributed to two essential behavior theories pertinent to aspects of marketing: namely utility conjecture and the theory of reasoned action (Callingham, 2004). References Birger, W (2003). marketing Strategy . Massachusetts: MIT. Callingham, M. (2004). Market intelligence. NY: OUP. Fournier, S. (2003). Brand relationship . Florida: UMI. Freeman, J. (2008). Products and Branding. TUI. Kotler, P, (1999). Management. NY: OUP.\r\n'

'Moral and Social Philosophy\r'

'Moral philosophical system is focused on the habits, customs, and values of a accredited single (Wikipedia, 2007). It has the quest sub-categories: meta-ethics; normative ethics; as soundly as, utilize ethics (Wikipedia, 2007).\r\nOne of the major contri preciselyors of this school of idea is Immanuel Kant who said that â€Å"deontology” holds that an doing is considered to be reclaim if it goes with the ex vitamin Ale rule or principle ( honest.., 2001). For example, p atomic number 18nts get out claim to decide whether or non to give birth their children immunize. Since it is requisite by the law whence the p arents tot entirelyy(prenominal)ow for have to allow their children to be immunized; it is the right function to do because it goes along with the virtuous rule or principle (Ethical.., 2007).\r\nSocial Philosophy\r\nSocial philosophy is technically defined as a contract which addresses quandarys concerning genial/human behaviors (Wikipedia, 200 7). It covers the following areas: personal effects of culture, effects of science, revolution, social contract, etc (Wikipedia, 2007). Simply put, social philosophy concerns itself with honorable principles as applied to problems of equality, freedom, as well as, nicety (Wikipedia, 2007).\r\nOne of the major contributors of social philosophy is antic Locke who situated that: men are equal, free, as well as independent; thus, they possess the faculty of reason, which gives them the right to preserve their property including their life, liberty, as well as, estates (Bennagen, 2000).\r\nIn addition to that, he believes that the state of nature is genius that is in a state of perfect equality, freedom, liberty, and understanding but it is possible to turn into a state of war especially in cases where thither exists the absence seizure of a common judge (Bennagen, 2000). Thus, for him, entering into social contract is necessitated so as not to go through anything that is similar t o the state of war (Bennagen, 2000). polish but not least, he in like manner believes that the citizenry have the right to resist a political sympathies that tyrannical in nature (Bennagen, 2000).\r\nSubjectivism\r\nSubjectivism is the act of fashioning moral judgments, however, based on an individual’s emotion ( ethics.., n.d.). For example, in judging if something is â€Å"nice”, an individual has to have a positive emotions about it differently it should not be labeled or tell as something â€Å"nice” (Ethics.., n.d.).\r\nAdvocates of subjectivism claim that since moral judgments are decided upon subjectively or basing on emotions, then individuals are fully rational during such a period (Ethics.., n.d.).\r\nThe major problem with subjectivism, however, is that, since it is based on emotions, the person whitethorn all the more come at wrong decisions or judgments, for example, dating a nice and handsome young but wed man may feel nice but that doesnà ¢â‚¬â„¢t mean it is moral to do so (Ethics.., n.d.).\r\nOne kind of subjectivism is kn protest as metaphysical subjectivism and one of the major contributors of the aforementioned school of estimation is Descartes (Wikipedia, 2007).\r\nEgoism\r\nEthical egoism or only egoism is doing something to fulfill an individual’s own interest whether it may be good or harmful to other people (Wikipedia, 2007). Egoism does not tear into consideration the well-being of others nor does it do anything to be of assistance or help to others (Wikipedia, 2007).\r\nOne of the contributors of this incident school of suasion is Thomas Hobbes who advocated that self-interests should be prosecute and practiced so that freedom may be equal to everybody (Wikipedia, 2007). He also believes that even if there is self-interest, it is impossible that an individual may be harmed because existence are typically the same when it comes to their wants and needs (Wikipedia, 2007).\r\n sexual abstention Ethics\r\nVirtue Ethics is where Aristotle’s moral theory is taken into consideration (Ethical.., 2001). Here, it is said that â€Å"an act is right if it is what a virtuous agent would do in the circumstances” (Ethical.., 2001). Let’s take for instance, the case on immunization, currently, there is a dilemma with regards to having every child immunized before passage to school, utilizing virtue ethics in critical thinking, parents may decide that they will allow their children to be immunized because it is not only good for their children, but it will benefit all the others as well (Ethical.., 2001).\r\nEthical Relativism\r\nEthical relativism is where social, personal, historical, as well as, cultural considerations are the basis of one’s judgment or decision (Wikipedia, 2007).\r\nA contributor to this school of thought named Jean-Paul Sartre in fact claims that somebody’s morals, if any, will be proven only if the person follows certain social norms (Wikipedia, 2007).\r\nUtilitarianism\r\nJohn Stuart Mill’s Utilitarianism is create on the concept or principles of utility, which he believes is the pes of morals (Bennagen, 2000). It holds that actions are right in balance wheel as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness (Bennagen, 2000). Happiness, check to John Stuart Mill, is equated to pleasure and the absence of agony, while unhappiness, for him, refers to pain and the privation of pleasure (Bennagen, 2000).\r\nCategorical Imperative\r\nThis rationally dictates a course of action independent of whatsoever goals the agent\r\nmay have (Encarta, 2007). By this, Immanuel Kant also meant that the moral law is categorical or that it applies to all situations, and by imperative, he meant, it is commanding, thus making it absolutely authoritative (Gaarder, 1991).\r\nImmanuel Kant stated the Categorical Imperative in two key formulations: 1) Act as if the motto of your action were to become through your will a general natural law (Encarta, 2007), meaning, that it should apply to all people in all societies at all times (Gaarder, 1991); and 2) Act so that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in that of another, unendingly as an end and never as a means only (Encarta, 2007). By this statement, he meant, we should not exploit others to our own advantage (Gaarder, 1991).\r\nReferences\r\nBennagen, Pia. (2000). Social, Economic and policy-making Thought. Quezon City: University\r\nof the Philippines Press.\r\nEncarta. (2005). Immanuel Kant. Retrieved may 26, 2007 from http://www.encarta.com.\r\nEthical Theories Compared. (2001). Retrieved May 26, 2007 from\r\nhttp://www.trinity.edu.\r\nEthics 02 †Subjectivism. (n.d.). Retrieved May 26, 2007 from\r\nhttp://www.jcu.edu/philosophy/gensler/et/et-02-00.htm\r\nGaarder, Jostein. (1991). Sophie’s World. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux Inc.,\r\nWikipedia. (2007). Cogito Ergo S um. Retrieved May 26, 2007 from\r\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogito_Ergo_Sum\r\nWikipedia. (2007). Egoism. Retrieved May 26, 2007 from\r\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethical_egoism\r\nWikipedia. (2007). Ethical Relativism. Retrieved May 26, 2007 from\r\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethical_relativism\r\nWikipedia. (2007). Moral Philosophy. Retrieved May 26, 2007 from\r\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_philosophy\r\nWikipedia. (2007). Social Philosophy. Retrieved May 26, 2007 from\r\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_philosophy\r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n'

'Gandhi, Martin Luther King, And Mandela: What Made Non-Violence Work Essay\r'

'The history of violence in the world is easily registered. However it is also possible to wont non-violence to hold about change. This DBQ will look at twain countries where a non-violent movement was successful. India and southwestward Africa were two main(prenominal) nations on two different continents. But although they looked knock-down(prenominal) on the outside, each one suffered from a affection that threatened the health of the whole. For India, the dioceanse was colonization. For South Africa, it was racial segregation. In each of these nations three causes help develop why non-violence worked. The first condition was that both of them had been colonies of England. And standardised England both countries thought law was very powerful, more than powerful even than brass officials. The second condition was the presence of violence. Without the possibility of a violent revolution, the government might not have been willing to change.\r\nThe trinity condition wa s the presence of a leader, Mohandas Gandhi in India and Nelson Mandela South Africa. Each of these men was so charismatic he could lead his followers to a non-violent victory. Both of them gave their lives to the cause. Gandhi was thrust by an assassin while Mandela spent nigh twenty-seven years of his life in prison. Mohandas Gandhi, Martin Luther King, junior, and Nelson Mandela alone achieved a revolution and independence in their countries with non-violence. The reason this worked is because the non-violent people would be beaten and killed for doing zero contingent wrong, this made the attackers look like idiots for killing nude people. This would make the attackers realize what they’re doing and they would grant the landed estate independence. The enters provided could be situated into four categories: civil disobedience, self-control, willingness to evaluate punishment, and embracing the enemy.\r\nDocument 1 is a garner from Gandhi to Lord Irwin, the Englis h governor in India. The point of view is Gandhi because he is basic on the wholey telling the governor what his plans of civil disobedience ar: Gandhi and the community argon going to ignore the Salt Laws and march to the sea to make their own salt. The tone of this letter is very calm and peaceful. Document 2 is an ask out from Martin Luther King, Jr.’s autobiography along with a tear of a 1963 sit-in of desegregation supporters at a lunch counter. The point of view is MLK and the tone of his excerpt is proud because he knows that what he’s express is right. This is a good example of non-violence and civil disobedience because the lunch counter was for white people only, and the integration supporters did not fight back at all to the people who may have been throwing stuff at them, pouring stuff on them, or ptyalise at them.\r\nFinally, Document 3 is an excerpt from Nelson Mandela’s book, Long Walk to Freedom, and he is contemplating which tactic to use in order to achieve independence. The tone of this document is just boring because Mandela is simply thinking to himself. later pondering over the situation, he obviously selects the non-violent procession and it works like a charm. An additional document that could be helpful for this category could be a picture of a group of people who are being civilly disobedient and being beaten.\r\n'

'Survey of Research Literature – Identity Theft\r'

' question Analysis Survey of Research Lit betrothalture in Information Technology Management Infrastructure abridgment: sole(prenominal)ity larceny is angio decennarysin-converting enzyme and frequentlyover(a) of the fastest growth nuisances in the United States. on that point ar some definitions of indistinguish major power larceny, be spots this type of aversion typic e genuinely stomach(predicate)y involves illeg each(prenominal)y utilizing somebody else’s ain study for two(prenominal) someoneal and or monetary do. Thieves raise individual(prenominal) learning make with(predicate) varied manners ranging from larceny material documents in all the counsel to hacking into corporate infobases.The orbital cavity of Information Technology is one of the fastest increment fields in the terra firma. Daily inductions and discoveries argon flooding our lives. The continual strive for speed and qualification adopt the world go faster i nto the new era of digital cultivation.In increase to advances in com ordaining, m whatever(prenominal) separate fields ar forced to innovate and keep abreast with the demands of the new 21st century consumer. stock- as yet with all the convenience and coming to this digital discipline the world flavors those who use the engineering to destroy learning and operate on other(a)s for their own service. The two most evident industries that smell often(prenominal)(prenominal) challenges be the health patience and the fiscal industry. Both consists of millions of dollars in r hithertoue severally division and bewilder a lucrative target for the digital underground.The finance industry is a more fire topic when it comes to person-to-person indistinguish baron thieving since it involves the monetary dust for blood linees, pecuniary institutions and consumers. By looking at this industry directly we fucking see how these affects influence each other and wh at gage be done to value the consumer and the argument sector. This stem bequeath be disconnected into consumer and business occasions and then further sh bed turn out into paladin parts where the focus would be on specialized sections on what is closely cerebrate to or displace consequence in indistinguishability thieving.Once much(prenominal) panics and tribute get alongs argon identified and thoroughly breakd, the paper will overly cover some of the vivacious dissolvents that ar up-to-the-minutely organism use by, businesses, monetary institutions and stock- hush consumers themselves. Looking at all faces of the business, identicalness operator stealth touches upon a variety of issues such(prenominal) as utensils that atomic number 18 apply to attain ones credentials, knowledge that is stored on calculators of thousands or retailers, financial institutions as comfortably as taking into card the engineering science that makes authenticati on and financial transactions possible.The spectrum of this is so gigantic that only a small part of it fecal matter be analyse and covered in this paper. What is indistinguishability stealing? accord to numerous sources, indistinguishability larceny is a centering to take soul else’s individuation and use it for either financial or gains of being account equal for certain actions or consequences. The term individuality thievery has authenticly came from the word impersonation or re-create which describes a mold of qualification an exact write of something or in this contingency assuming an individualism of other person.In this paper on that point is only one look to the identicalness stealth and it is the financial freeing or gain that occurs during the exercise. Looking at the identity stealing from several prospective and analyzing how it affects the consumer, business, or financial institution is what this analysis is attempting to strike. â⠂¬Å"Each year, jillions of consumers be dupeized by identity theftâ€the practice of utilize the identity of a nonher to obtain source. After the identity despoiler defaults, l give the sackers and acknowledgement self-assurances attri yete the default to the impersonated consumer. Sovern 2004)” jibe to Sovern 2004, the default that occurs between the lender and the pretend consumer, in the end bechances upon the innocent consumer whose info has been stolen in one authority or a nonher and utilise for financial gain. typically in that respect ar numerous parts to what moderates in identity theft. First of all identity thieves typically obtain person-to-person cultivation that is employ to identify an single(a), as wellspring as credentials that throw out be employ to evidence themselves.Then, they would utilize the credentials to impersonate other individual(a)s and die to gain access to financial documents and finally substantial monetary asset s. â€Å" identity operator theftâ€the appropriation of someone else’s identity to commit fraud or theft (Milne 2003)â€is a serious consumer riddle (Sovern 2004)”. Identity theft is a commission of fraud that not only poses a serious threat to consumers but is a very serious crime that has eternal consequences for everyone involved in the process.Although it is a serious crime and a wide spread problem there argon more different substances that thieves potty advent this type of method. The initial process of acquiring personal data that is destinyed to impersonate other individual butt end consist any(prenominal)where from conclusion the instruction in commonplace records at the library, all the way to stealing financial documents like book of facts separate, checks, and digital learning by hacking calculating machine lucres. The spectrum of this problem is endless and continues to grow on the daily introduction, era financial training po ses ore widespread with the innovation of engineering science. earlierhand looking at the specific beas of theft and their origins, identifying the signification skunk identity as being part of identity theft would be beneficial to the unfeigned understanding dirty dog impersonating someone else. â€Å"Identity is a means of denoting an entity in a particular namespace and is the foundation of certification and privacy - determineless if the stage setting is digital realization or non-digital naming ( Katzan 2010 )”.Unlike theft, identity is much harder to describe particularly when looking at how it raft be stolen and utilized for personal and financial gain. Katzan 2010 illustrates how an identity locoweed as well as be referred to as a subject, which oblige several identities and belong to more than just one namespace. Identity is part of the management carcass which foundation establish a process to another administration and thusly result in a co mbining that is facilitated by a tertiary party and acknowledges the institution for the digital identity in the computer- ground information systems.Another side is the information that’s provided by a third party that films the identity of a person but give the gatenister be biased based on how that information came about, and therefore might require supererogatory information to provide gather in evidence and confirmation. ” Identity is primarily utilize to establish a descent between an attribute or set of attributes and a person, object, in erat, c erstwhilept, or theory. The family toilet be direct, based on physiological evidence, and in other theatrical roles, the relationship is indirect and based on a quality to other entities ( Katzan 2010)”.Thieves raise such attributes of the identity by resource such as customer value representatives, Trojan horse computer programs, dumpster diving, corporate informationbases, and physically ste aling computers. To retard such concomitants the author suggests implementing reponsibilized and severalise forms of peril management where individuals atomic number 18 encouraged to curb informational warranter practices into their daily lives and c atomic number 18fulness for their virtual self-importance in the digital world. Phishing Attacks Moving ship beyond what both identity and theft really mean, identifying he most popular ways of gaining access to individual identity info is the first rate to pr reddenting consumers from being the victims of such thefts. The first most popular orgasm to gathering the requirement information to impersonate an individual is a Phishing Attack. A Phishing Attack is a way to deceive a consumer into revealing personal information to the attacker through digital communication. â€Å"Phishing has been a major problem for information systems managers and users for several age now. In 2008, it was estimated that phishing resulted i n close to $50 billion in damages to U. S. onsumers and businesses (Wright, Marett, 2010). This obfuscation method of both email and Web sites is how thieves are able to convince users into fulfilling requests for personal information. Once that information is obtained it fundament be used to stage theft of either company or personal intellectual property. â€Å"In the most communal phishing scam, the â€Å"phisher” sends an e-mail disguised to look like it is from a financial institution or e-commerce site. To appear conjectural and to attract the recipients attention, the e-mail uses the companys logos and trademarks and employs â€Å"scare play” such as threats of account closure (Lynch 2005)”This method of obtaining identity information carries a relatively depression risk in both legality and terms. The phisher who is asking out the crime usually resides in an international positioning to avoid authorities which makes the apprehension and prosecutin g of the fraud that is move to be far more difficult. iodin of the studies that utilized analytical get along to find the backgrounding lowlife the success of such a technique reason out that there are four phases in poring over behavioral factors, which influence the replies coming from the consumer in regard to answering emails that request them to provide unsanded information.The orbit covered 299 subjects and analyzed the percentage of those who responded to different methods inwardly the study of phishing. The final factor to the study is the sentience level that the communicator posses in regard to the shelter threats that are soon present in the digital world. security system sureness training is important in tenet Web users how to appropriately utilize both electronic net cream and system resources. Complete review of security policies and their congruency with current threats is crucial in identifying non configuration of both users and systems.Once systems are up get wordd and users are aware of the different tactics that can be used against them and the different ways they can comfort themselves from becoming victims the world can move closer to eliminating phishing as an urgent threat. Driver’s License Moving past the phishing technique on the consumer side, taking an in-depth look at how recognition has become an inbred part of identity theft and what are the different faunas that we use as consumers to present that depose between our identity and the business entity from which we want to acquire go.The first and probably the most widespread similarlyl of credit in United States of America is a device driver’s license. A driver’s license is an identification document that corresponds to a part of Motor Vehicles infobase record, therefore is considered to be a let identification document. It is very valuable and the most circulated ideate credential that gives one the ability to operate a vehicle a s well. One of the reasons behind counterfeiting driver’s licenses is repayable(p) to the broad spectrum of different types of licenses that subsist in the USA.These counterfeits vary from simple laminates that are created on matrix printers, all the way to sophisticated and authentic, 45 degree hologram based laminates utilizing the same materials and notwithstanding printing equipment that is used by the DMV. â€Å" The typical immoral would use fungible credentials as an pawn to defraud because it offers bowdle findd risk, minimal effort, and increased effectiveness. pecuniary frauds, gold laundering, and identity theft are triple common exploits that typically rely on fungible credentials.Fungible credentials are useful precisely because they concurrently obscure the criminal’s real identity and facilitate any authentication that may be required. (Berghel 2006) This type of credentials is a way to fortress the thief’s real identity speckle stil l utilizing the facial identification with different credentials. Typically financial transactions are the most common way to utilize fungible credentials to gain access to the victim’s assets. Since the process involves get several versions of identification based on the stoppage process, in the end the original counterfeit documents are disposable.This means that the final identifiers that are obtained, such as the drivers license are legitimate due to its number from the brass agency. This type of a scheme makes the detecting of the final credentials impossible to detect since it was acquired from a legitimate source. The only way to really foresee this from happening is by having all politics agencies and right enforcement to authenticate all documents no matter where they came from. so far currently due to the extreme overhead for such process, this is currently not possible to win. A threat analysis of RFID PassportsThe second and most widespread as welll in t he world is the pass. A passport is a document that is issued by a national government for the sole purpose of traveling between countries and having the ability to identify the nationality of the traveler as well as the identity of the demander. Since 2007 all passports that bind been issued in USA, obtain an imbedded RFID chip, which is valid for a era period of ten years. The reason behind such change in passport policy is to provide a safer way to store critical identification data on the chip as well as scratch such data and keep it safe.However in the refinement few years there read been approaches that stick up the design and the security of the chip and permit the identification information to be stolen. â€Å"this individual used a small antenna connected to a computer in his backpack to eavesdrop on the radiocommunication communication between the security agent’s reader, which has the capacity to decrypt the eminent schoolly sensitive and stiffd data on the passport, and the RFID-enabled passport itself(RAMOS, A. , SCOTT, W. , SCOTT, W. , LLOYD, D. , OLEARY, K. , ; WALDO, J. 2009)”The process that is described to a higher place creates a way to find and obtain the information that is contained on the RFID chip, besides in order to do so the proximity of the listening device and the clock of the transition are critical to its success. In accession to acquiring the data, the ability to decrypt the information before it can be utilized is a process in itself. â€Å"Six pieces of information can be stolen from the RFID chip on a U. S. passport: your name, nationality, gender, period of birth, place of birth, and a digitized photograph. Numerous problems of identity theft could arise from someone taking that information, but this expression focuses on the financial risk. (RAMOS, A. , SCOTT, W. , SCOTT, W. , LLOYD, D. , OLEARY, K. , & group A; WALDO, J. 2009)” The information that is acquired during the intercede pr ocess is sufficient fair to middling to create a duplicate passport and utilize it for financial gain. However due to the difficulty of this attack, cost of the equipment involved and the enclose financial return as opposed to the high cost of blank passports, this type of scenario is not very likely.As a solution to this possible downside of RFID chips, integrating staple access-control and encryption using the secret advert that is coordinated right into the passport jock mitigate the risk of data interception. Another approach would be to control the RF signals that occur between the reader and the passport during the verification process. This would help minimize the chances for eavesdropping on the RF signals and interception of all identity information. Identity CardsIn order to go beyond the complications of the passport and the specialization of the driver’s license there is another way to identify a person and verify their credentials. This similarlyl is calle d an Identity Card and is utilized on the government basis in several different countries. The idea behind the identity card is very similar to what a driver’s license does, however it only focuses on proving that the person who presents the card matches the credentials that the identity tease holds, without granting crusade privileges as does the driver’s license.This new concept of identity card consists of two components, one is the database identity and the other is point identity. selective informationbase identity is the gathering of all information about a certain individual and recorded into databases, which is then come-at-able by the government. Token identity on the other hand only comprises of very specific information about the individual. This information consists of name, gender, date and place of birth, date of death, sig genius, photograph and biometrics.In addition biometrics consists of a face scan, two iris scans and ten fingerprints. In the con text of identity theft, item identity is considered to be more than just information about an individual. â€Å"Unlike the individual pieces of information that comprise it, token identity has the essential characteristics of intangible property. Its misuse by another person not only infringes the individual’s personal right to identity, it infringes the individual’s proprietary rights in his/her registered identity, particularly in token identity. Sullivan 2009)” Utilization of token identity for transactional purposes constitutes an individuals’ identity which is all the information that the token holds. This is the information that is most useful for an identity thief since it is all that is required to enable a transaction. not all of the information in the token is used for every transaction and therefore depends on the nature of the transaction, therefore the required information is automatically chosen from the token to match the transactional req uirements. The phrase ‘identity theft’ is a misnomer, as identity theft does not actually unclothe a person of their identity. The offense of theft or larceny traditionally involves an appropriation of the personal property of another with the intention to deprive him or her of that property permanently. Wrongfully accessing and using a person’s personal information or forging proof of identity documents, without taking any physical document or thing, would not deprive the person of the ability to use that information. (Sullivan 2009)Although wrongfully accessing or forging of the documents does not deprive the person of access to such information, it does however fundamentally damage the legality of the individual token identity by denying exclusive use of the identity. Personally Identifiable Information Utilizing tools that identify oneself are needed to acquire, obtain and steal financial information, however in addition to that and the rapid innovation of the digital world, all the information that identifies us is freely available on the internet.In the last several years the internet progressed so rapidly that it is being used for social interaction, overlap purchases and financial transactions. In addition to that many companies are unceasingly collect personal information utilizing social networks, service providers, and retail sites. These companies admit that under the customer license agreements information provided will be safe entertained and loosend in a non identifiable form. This means that the information will be de-identified by changing the fixed set of attributes that it currently resides in.Once it is de-identified it will become safe enough to release to the public and will hold others from using it for trade or advertising purposes. â€Å"The emergence of powerful re-identification algorithms demonstrates not just a flaw in a specific anonymization technique(s), but the fundamental inadequacy of the comple ted privacy treasureion paradigm based on â€Å"de-identifying” the data. De-identification provides only a weak form of privacy. (Narayanan, A. , & adenine; Shmatikov, V. 2010)”This type of technique is only part of the solution when it comes to privacy protection. The ability to develop effective technologies to protect private information is being developed on around-the-clock basis and there is still no definite answer as to what the best approach really is. Utilizing the de-identifying approach is a beat in the right direction but it only patches the problem instead of solving it. Currently there are limitation to the way privacy is preserved and protect, therefore a better method of protection postulate to be build and implemented.certificate through Technology flat that we covered the outstanding issues with the identity tools and eventide ways of how to protect the personal identifiable information, next whole tone is to identify technology flaws that je opardize the security of the process. The technology plays a crucial role in how secure the data is both inside and outside the firsthand location. When it comes to computer systems and security, the weakest components are the end users, especially when they are accessing corporate information from their fundament location.With progression of radio based network technology, the obligeation rate has been considerable and is justified by the convenience that wireless technology provides for both basic and business consumer. Numerous applications pose been developed to utilize the convenience of working from home for employee and to have them access databases of their organization using just the Internet browser. This scenario also works for those who are continuously traveling and therefore use wireless services at the hotels or other lodge places.Many of such systems only rely on passwords to authenticate users and pose a real threat when it comes to accessing corporate informat ion. In such a case a literary hack can intercept such credential information and utilize it to access the corporate databases and therefore organize an intrusion which will go undetected since it relies on real user account information. â€Å"Hackers do not require specific hacking tools, as operating systems can find nearby routers and connect to them almost automatically.Hackers can then perform illegal operations such as hacking other computers, spreading viruses, organizing terrorist activities, and so on. (Loo 2008)” As the technology progresses and innovation takes place it would still be close to impossible to solve all security problems no matter what technology is in place. hostage depends on several different factors including coordination between employers, end user and manufactures of the technology that is being used.It is up to the employees to be aware of security risks and protect the technology they are using no matter where they are. Investing time into learning about countermeasures is a worthy investment funds which can eventually prevent unrecoverable events such as an intrusion. Employers and providers of technology should focus on the usability and respite of the technology as well as establishing the necessary guidelines for usability and finding the right tools to address it. Protect governing body InformationIdentity theft has an enormous dissemble on both time and finance of a consumer who becomes the target of it; however it’s not only consumers that see the consequences of such thefts. Businesses are being impacted by this occurrence as well. Organizations need to protect their assets from cyber crime, web attacks, data geological faultes and fraud. Criminals utilize such attacks to harvest data through these means for financial, political and personal gain. Such actions are becoming firm motivators for adaptation of information system security approach to protect assets of companies.The ISS approach utilizes an accreditation process that mandates that all government agencies are complying with such standard. A unified security approach would have been ensample in the case of government agencies however even with proper accreditation and mandated requirements, more than half the agencies demonstrated tube by their management to implement such rules. One of the reasons for such resistance was the norms and culture with the organizations which could not be unified by one system book binding all the agencies.Secondly the management of the government branches that needinessed the accreditation pointed out that it was due to the lack of resources that was being committed by treasury to pay for the needed changes that were part of the compliance process. â€Å"The key lesson learned from this study was that a large-scale IS/IT retch conducted across multiple government agencies and sites of varying sizes requires that the effectuation be staggered and suited to agency size, thus geolo gical fault down the complexness of the tasks enabling resources (people and budgets) to be put in place and allocated to future project phases. Smith, S. , Winchester, D. , Bunker, D. , & Jamieson, R. 2010)” The authors point out that the failure of implementation was in general due to the long term financial reenforcement of the project and that adequate resources and senior management inscription is crucial to the success of ISS. Data Breaches and Identity stealing Data security is an ongoing process and affects both consumers and businesses, however retailers and financial institutions are responsible for storing and treat consumer financial data, and they are solely responsible for the security of it.One of the leading causes of identity theft is data breaches which are a process of loosing data due to a security or network flaw. This is why a proportionate combination of security vs. union of data collected needs to be found. If there is too much data and not e nough security than the potential cost of a data breach is very high. â€Å"Dollar estimates of the cost of identity theft do not by themselves indicate that too much identity theft is occurring.However, press accounts of data breaches suggest that personal identifying data (pelvic inflammatory disease) is being stolen too frequently, and that the data thefts are unduly facilitating sundry(a) kinds of identity theft. 2 (Roberds, W. , & Schreft, S. 2008)” Establishing policies that can look that the quietus between data collection and security is the right way maintained will be crucial in preventing data breaches. Data network can help prevent theft by securing its databases better as well as increasing the make sense of PID compiled in order to identify possible deceitful attempts on the network.The downside of over collecting is the spillover effect where the data can be stolen and used on another network, therefore breaching the other network. â€Å"…the a pproach here countenances for straightforward calculation of the efficient levels of data accumulation and data security, and for straightforward evaluation of policies meant to attain efficiency. More generally, it offers an model of how any such calculation should balance the cost associated with data misuse against the substantial gains afforded by the relaxation of anonymity. (Roberds, W. , & Schreft, S. 2008)”There are specific variables that need to be adjusted in order to achieve the highest possible degree of security and consider the be that are associated with implementing this specific formula. Formal Identity Theft Prevention Programs As was already discussed previously, identity theft is a serious problem, and can take a very long time to even recover that it is taking place in our lives. Due to the amount of damage that is caused to the consumer’s life and financial situation, the government has interpreted steps to storm identity theft at federa l, state and local levels therefore attempting to serve up victims of this crime.There are several steps that have been taken in legislation, however there are still no laws in place that can rule the general use of in person identifiable information in regard to government branches and both public and private sector. The key piece of information that is considered to be most valuable to the identity thieves is the Social Security emergence (SSN), therefore one of the prevention initiatives is in regard to displaying and using Social Security be in easily accessible laces. Other initiatives embarrass securing the availability of personal information though information resellers, security weaknesses in the federal agency information systems, and breaches in data security. â€Å".. federal systems and sensitive information are at increased risk of unaccredited access and disclosure, modification, or destruction, as well as inadvertent or deliberate disruption of system operatio ns and services. ( Bertoni, D. 2009)”.According to the GAO study it has been reported that federal agencies still experience a large number of security related incidents and that provides access to large amounts of personally identifiable information that reside in the federal records that could be utilized for identity theft purposes. Protecting personally identifiable information that is stored in the federal system is critical since its loss and unauthorized disclosure could result in devastating consequences for the individuals.The consequences could range from fraud, theft, embarrassment and even inconvenience in the cases of identity and financial related transactions. Results of identity theft have direct impact on the credit records of individuals and can also carry substantial costs related to this activity; in addition denial of loans and even convictions for crimes that an individual did not commit is a possible topic of identity theft on the federal level. Solutio ns:Identifying all the sub categories of identity theft is outside the scope of this paper, however with a general understanding of how it affects consumers and business, as well as the severity of the issue; the next step is to see what can really be done to minimize the damage. One approach to combating identity theft is the implementation of unused cards into the financial system. These cards are designed to incorporate embedded computer chips that rely on encryption algorithms to safe guard the information and aid in imprimatur of transactions and identity verifications.If the technology is properly implemented it can really aid consumers, merchants, banks and others in securing transaction and combating identity theft. In addition it will help impose the costs of fraud prevention and provide benefits in the form of creating a more efficient earnings system. Such technology has already seen implementation internationally and have proven to be a much more secure and efficient method of retributions. â€Å" earnings smart cards hold the promise to advance the security of payment bureau and help reduce the costs of identity theft and payments fraud.Smart cards allow a range of security options and some issuers have implemented the strongest upgrades, while others have not. (Sullivan 2008) The reduced substructure costs are yet another benefit that financial institutions can use in opt of implementing the system in United States. However there are some significant challenges moving forward with this system in regard to adaptation of smart cards by issuers, as well as having the whole industry agree on specific security protocols that will be used in the new smart cards.Identifying the true cost and both hardware and software limitation of the new product is also crucial in preventing adoption limitations. There is also the problem of having criminals shift efforts towards areas of weakness in the security of payments, however due to the lack of comp etitory advantage in the security standard there is a lack of willingness from the provider’s side in investing time and money. The complex network structure that is required to support the new standards is also a roadblock for implementation and emergence.Smart cards have the potential to become the new payment authorization standard but at this time they are facing a number of adaptation and learning challenges that are discouraging financial institutions from moving towards them. Enforcement of physical identification cards to improve security is viable way; however a bigger issue of security and lack of it still takes places in many businesses. In the case of ID cards the outcome of implementing such a system would result in large databases of information that will utilize the technology for identification purposes.The problem here is what goes on behind the unlikeable doors of the organization that houses such large amount of personal data. Part of it has to do with proper disposal of sensitive documents which most consumers don’t shred and even businesses that don’t properly take care of them. Once the information is housed in a database and is protected by firewalls and encryption routines, there is no clear process of how to prevent it from leaving the organization through unauthorized parties, computer theft, loss of physical media or records. …there is a significant need to widely implement measures for tracking and tracing identity thieves and fraudsters once a breach has occurred. There are various means of doing so, whether electronic or physical (Gregory, A. 2008). These secret tracking and tracing agents can log all the activity that is taking place by mobilize or email and then can be used for verification purposes and zero out any anomalies or breach attacks. This type of tracking can help companies stay on top of the activities that are taking place and even intervene in the process in order to minimize the o utcome of the breach or fraudulent transactions.It will also help prevent the amount of complains, loss of report and damage to the company and its brand. The database of personal data can become quite large and is continuously undefendable to security threats and data corruption, that’s why companies accept consultants to investigate risk and exposures of the database information. Consultants check for compliance with Data Protection Act as well as other required transactional practices. In some cases the database can be subjected to quality assessment and data hygienics as to keep the information up to date and as accurate as possible.The results of the analysis can then be used to create an unjust strategy to manage the databases and maintain integrity and efficiency for both short and long term. An increasing amount of identity theft incidents have also enkindle major changes in the financial industry, especially with banking applications and the way that they protec t data and ensure legitimate transactions. To pass over such security and integrity, financial institutions have co-ordinated biometric technologies such as fingerprint and facial recognition that are mandatory for customers and ensure higher level of security. Biometric methods are based on physiological or behavioral characteristics. Since they take advantage of mostly fixed characteristics, they are more reliable than traditional methods of authorization (Koltzsch, G. 2006)” The usage of such technology that can be so closely bound to a physical attribute of a person is very promising, especially in the financial sector and has been looked at it for the last 10 years. However due to the cost and the complexity on the implementation part as well as inconvenience to the consumer, it has not been as widespread as originally planned.Today this technology is mostly used for standalone applications, such as guarding vaults, high security areas and employee authentication. clie nt oriented solutions are still in betimes development stages and are not fully implemented due to the fear of alienating customers and pushing them remote from what they are used to. Another reason for the lack of implementation is the difficulty in standardizing this technology on the international scale. The fear of investing in technology that will not be supported by others is what is slowing the adaptation process down.However due to the rise in identity theft and phishing cases there has been a new movement towards the development of this technology to prevent loss of information and financial resources. Protecting the payment system depends on the adoption of industry standards for data security and implementation of the new digitally aware way to personally identify an individual. Currently the identification process depends on the Social Security Number as we discussed previously, which is one of the main reasons that identity theft still occurs.To be affective in protec t the payment system there needs to be a way to properly monitor the compliance of the system and enforce proper penalties in the case of its absence. Payment system participants can also hold each other accountable for the damage in the incompliance of contractual agreements in place. Due to high judicial proceeding costs in the event of identity theft, merchants are now implementing new policies that allow them to discard transactional information much faster in order to prevent its exposure to theft. Another fairly recent step taken by the private sector is the development of insurance products to cover losses from identity theft. reportage for consumers is available from several sources, at a cost of approximately $120 per year, and appears to provide minimal coverage against lost wages, legal tip offs for defending against lawsuits brought by creditors or collection agencies, and select out-of-pocket expenses (Schreft, S. 2007)”. The down fall of this type of coverage i s its limitations. Neither type of uch insurances or proposed coverage will really protect against identity theft risk because the financial sector cannot ensure against systematic risk. This results in the loss of confidence in the system all together therefore creating the chance of users accessing such services less frequently. Imperfections in the ability to protect the consumer against crime, results in having the government oversee the failures and driving it towards protecting the integrity and efficiency of the financial system. Shortcomings of the SystemTo combat identity theft is an enormous task that even the government is struggling to achieve. The reason for this is time, money and symmetry between financial providers and government levels. Several different attempts have been do to provide tools for consumers to identify theft and report it to the institutions. However even though such systems are in place, many consumers complain that even when such theft occurs an d notices are placed on accounts, thieves are still able to steal money under fraudulent identities. They are even able to successfully apply for loans when there are errors in the information provided.In addition to that the Credit Bureaus have made it close to impossible for an everyday consumer to reach an actual human customer support representative due to the automated telephone systems that have been implemented. Another reason why the system just does not work the way it was proposed, is the cost that the credit bureaus are immutable with the escalation of identity theft cases. The actual costs of thefts are not reflected on the bureaus since they only provide credit reports and credit monitor services which consumers buy in most cases even if they have been a victim of theft.The bureaus have no real incentive in helping consumers prevent identity fraud, which is in this case is a difference of opinion of interest for one of the parties involved. This conflict of interests entails in the amount of early revenues that are generates from products such as credit reports and credit monitoring services. The up-to-the-minute offering from the bureaus is an email notification service that notifies the consumers if any changes in the credit records occur and charges a fee for it. One observer has estimated that credit bureaus received $600 million in 2003 from sales of credit reports, credit scores, and credit monitoring services (Hendricks 2003). In such a case the credit bureaus are profiting from the sales of rubber service that prevent the client from the theft that the bureau makes possible. Overestimation of losses is also a fault of the system that is geared toward protecting the consumer in the business of financial transaction and identity information. A claim that identity theft is the fastest maturement crime in U. S. is what the consumers are being told on the continuous basis.Lately the press coverage of this topic has grown significantly an d provided a number of related events that claims an affected race of 4. 6% and losses of more than $60 billion dollars a year. What consumers need to take into account is the $50 maximum liability that is provided by the financial institutions, as well as the fact the media is taking into account information theft that did not result in financial losses to the institutions. Such overestimation are leading many consumers away from doing business on the internet and providing erroneous information, while forcing them to implement monitoring services that cost them money.As was covered before, smart cards is viable solution to the new identifiable information problem, however its shortcoming is the same problem as it exists with current financial tools. The exchange of personal information between the consumer and merchant can still result in letting an impersonator utilize the information to initiate a payment therefore making the smart card inefficient at securing the customer. ev idence Identity theft is one of the fastest growing crimes in United States, and the real reason behind that is the fact technology innovated at a much greater speed than businesses and consumers have been able to adapt to it.Because of that the tools that we use to identify ourselves are no yearlong safe and need to be updated. On the consumer side a variety of tools are available to protect oneself from identity theft. However the cost of such tools can be a draw back in their implementation. On the business sides tools such as high level encryption, RFID chips and transition standards are in development stages and are planned to be implemented in the near future. Identity cards and centralized databases can be the key to solving security pestiferous but are not versatile enough and carry overhead cost during the implementation process.There are many viable solutions to protect both the consumer and the business; the path really depends on cost and time available to either one. Awareness is the best approach to keeping you data safe and secure.\r\n'

'Uk Taxation System\r'

'1. 1 presentation of the UK assess agreement There is a actu aloney enormous time before British revenue enhancement becomes what it is now, which grass be traced back to Ancient time when UK was a part of the Roman Empire. The uniform estate evaluate in 1692 is the basis to the current British assess form; at that time, the land revenue enhancementation is a kind of direct task and is the master(prenominal) stock of governing body revenue. Before the end of eighteenth century in British, William Pitt announced income value to report the expenses on weapons in the preparation for the Napoleonic Wars. Initi entirely toldy, the assess regulate was around 1/120 of the income laid-back uper up ? 60 and the rate increased to 1/10 of income above ? 200.In the 20th century, income revenue enhancement is the main(prenominal) mental imagery for UK government; in the mean time, indirect valuees to a fault became more than central through the century. In 1965, the smoke measure and the cap gains valuate were introduced, and in 1984 the bang-up transfer value was replaced by inheritance impose. Currently, the revenue governance in the UK can be principally categorized as personal measure, including income revenue enhancement, inheritance evaluate revenue income and council assess, gross revenue valuees and duties, including protect added levy, excise duties, pigeonhole concern and motoring tax, business and personal taxes, including national indemnification contributions and pileus gains tax and business taxes.As a positive monarchy, the power of legislation is gamyly concentrated. All tax laws ar from proposals from the Treasury Department and after canonical by parliament and the royal, these proposals can come into moment and become laws. In the UK, nearly 90% of tax income is collected by central government. The HM gross & Customs takes charges of tax administration related affairs, including value added tax, sales revenue and tariff. 1. 2 Discussion of the UK taxation racks In computing the tax, we stick out to consider devil parts: tax base and tax rate. appraise base is the economic basis of a certain tax and it is the base amount to compute the tax liabilities. Tax base is diverse from tax heading, for example, the amount income is the object of income tax, while only the dutiable income can be regarded tax base. On the whole, tax base has deuce categories: economical tax base and non-economical tax base. economical tax base content the objects of tax that atomic number 18 related to economical actions, such as revenue, capital and sales; non-economical tax base has nonhing to do with pile’s economical actions, such as the poll tax that is taxed on e precise singularist person with bug out their actions.In the UK, in that location atomic number 18 terce kinds of tax bases: income base, capital base and pulmonary tuberculosis base. The income base i s in the main apply in individual income tax and integrated income tax. In most countries, revenue from income tax is the main source of government, so income tax base surely has legion(predicate) advantages. Firstly, income tax base is much big than some separate tax bases, because people with income above taxable allowance ar the subjects to income tax. Furthermore, for most people, tax found on income is easy to calculate and manage for political officers. On the other hand, income tax base also has several disadvantages.Firstly, income tax base is only on hand(predicate) for cash income; for income as redeeming(prenominal)s, income tax base would non piece of work. Obviously, it is unfair to not tax on uncorrupteds income. Secondly, income has many sources; some are easy to track, such as wages and bonus, while some are not easy to detect, such as illegal sales commissions. At last, unlike people have different ability to represent the tax and income is not a so und indictor to measure their tax abilities. So it is very inviolable to become a rule or rate to keep fair among every tax repairer. dandy can be used to gift income and can reflect individuals’ paying ability, so it seems to be a close base for tax.However, the amount of capital would not generate the same amount of income, so it is not very accurate to use capital as a tax base. Furthermore, there are many kinds of capitals, which are hard to calculate and manage, and taxpayers’ economic conditions are not the same, for example a kinsfolk with owes and without mortgage should not be regarded same, so capital tax base also has some drawbacks. At last, outlay is also a measurement of ability to pay tax; more pulmonary tuberculosis pith more ability to pay tax and slight consumption means less ability to pay tax.According to Nicholas Kaldor’s theory, revenue should be the base of tax, not income. exclusively here comes a confusing question: what if a person saves most of his/her income in the bank, rather than for consumption? Moreover, revenue tax base would affect the bills supply on the capital grocery, because most people would tend to shorten their consumption and save coin in banks. In a nut shell, all of these common chord tax bases have advantages and disadvantages, and there is no perfect tax base that can very fairly measure all taxpayers’ ability. So when considering the tax form, we should keep a balance amongst these three tax bases. . 3 Evaluation of a good taxation system What are the qualities of a good taxation system? Of course, nobody likes paying tax; however, tax is the main source for government revenue, which is used for providing public profits. So we can also assure taxpayers pay for the services they received, such as senior lofty school ways and public schools. A good tax system should be two simple and trus tworthy and simple. Equity has two directions: one is horizontal and the other is vertical. Horizontal beauteousness means taxpayers with similar income should the same level of tax; vertical lawfulness means taxpayers with higher(prenominal) income should pay a high level tax. nevertheless though companies have to pay corporate tax, all taxes are ultimately paid by individual taxpayers. So it is extremely important to keep tax system to be equitable. Besides, simple is also an important quality to a good tax system. The rules and laws should be easy to understand; the tax liability should be easy to calculate and the tax system should be easy to portion. If the cost to administer the tax is more than tax revenue received, this kind of tax system is in efficacious to both taxpayers and government.Complicated tax laws are high-priced to both taxpayers and the government; such laws are hard to administer and inefficient to collect. In addition, a good tax system should also be certainty, which means that the tax policy should keep being abiding year to year, because this can make taxpayers to know the obstruction to evade tax payable and make a reasonable tax plan on the long run. On the whole, equity and efficient principles are two main principles to measure a tax system. A pie cannot be made both bigger and shared fairly. The same situation happens here.We cannot expect a tax system to be both equity and efficient, for example, when turn off d testify the marginal income tax rate for those high income taxpayers, their productivity would increase accordingly, while the tax equity would decrease. However, there is always a comparably good point amidst them, which we often call tradeoff. 1. 4 Evaluation of the UK taxation system In the UK tax system, income tax, national insurance, value added tax and corporation tax are the four main source of political revenue; the percentages are respectively 29%, 19%, 15% and 9%. On the whole, the UK tax system is quite stable.According to Huijun Yang (2012), from mid 90s 20th century, the ratio of total tax on GDP is among 36% and 39%, so it would be easy for taxpayers to make a tax plan. In addition, the UK tax system is quite equity for its income tax rate identifys from 10% to 50% and low income taxpayers can deduct allowances too. In 2012, the income tax personal allowance increases from 7,475 to 9,000 and the highest income tax rate decreases from 50% to 45%. This new rule leave alone benefit 23,000,000 basic income tax rate taxpayers. The UK tax system also operates efficiently and the cost to administer tax is comparatively low.So overall, the UK tax system is intumesce designed and works both efficiently and equity. However, there are still some drawbacks of the UK tax system. Firstly, the highest tax rate ordain be 45% in 2013, so the income gap between the rich and the ugly go out get bigger and bigger. Secondly, the tax takes less than 40% of the GDP, while, on average, government expenditure is 45% of the GDP, which means that the government n eed to increase their famine to keep going on. Too much shortage give increase the governments’ financial rack, because the borrowing must(prenominal) be paid by future years’ tax revenue.If the deficit always keeps on a high level, the governments’ authority among public would be weaken, and government function cannot be operated well. Thirdly, individual tax is hustling and paid by individuals; these tax preparation costs, including service fee of accountants and time cost, are also conceal costs for taxpayers. At last, the British government provides comprehensive examination social welfare to all citizens; among them, most taxpayers pay for the services, but some lower income taxpayers or jobless people enjoy the services free of charge.So it is those high income taxpayers pay money for the low income taxpayers, and this would decrease those high income taxpayers’ work efficiency because some of their work are not rewarded. According to Holdf ord and Lovelace-Elmore (2001, p. 8), Vroom asserts, â€Å"Intensity of work effort depends on the perception that an individual’s effort leave alone result in a desired outcome”. 1. 5 suggestions for the UK taxation system The following suggestions may be work to authorise those drawbacks: * Creating more jobs for the poor and unemployed people * change magnitude the highest rate of income tax Optimize the tax building * Simplifying complex tax law clause * lessen the corporate tax rate for starting companies 2. 1 proposals for the UK taxation system In the UK, the main taxes are: income tax, inheritance tax, council tax, value added tax, motoring taxation, corporate tax and capital gain tax. Even though all taxes have different tax bases, the ultimate taxpayers are every individual. As we know, a pie cannot both be big and evenly sliced. So for the UK government, it should find out a good point that can make the tax system be both efficient and equity.According to the 2012 Budget statement by the Chancellor of the Exchequer, the Rt Hon George Osborne MP (2012), the main target for the UK government is to keep the saving in a stable increase trend. As mentioned in Osborne’s report, the UK’s miserliness is in a depressed time and the government has to both cut down expenditures and expand tax revenue. Therefore, we proposed three proposals on the tax system to improve the cultivation of economy. Firstly, divide more the income tax rate levels between the higher rate and additional rate.According to the current UK income tax system, taxpayers with band between ? 34,371 and ? 150,000 are applicable to the higher rate that is 40%, and taxpayers with band over ? 150,000 are applicable to 50% additional income tax rate. Apparently, the range from ? 34,371 and ? 150,000 are too wide that some mid-class families have to pay too much income tax for the high marginal tax rate. Taxpayers with income of ? 34,371 and ? 150,000 are total ly different in tax payment ability, so it is not fair to let all of them pay tax on the same rate. From my point of view, taxpayers with band between ? 4,371 and ? 70,000 are applicable to tax rate of 25% because most mid-class taxpayers’ incomes are in this range and by doing so, there financial pressure will be reduced a lot; taxpayers with income ranges from ? 70,000 to ? 100,000 are subjects to 35% income tax rate and taxpayers with band from ? 100,000 to ? 150,000 pay income tax on 45% income tax rate. This proposal will greatly reduce the most mid-class taxpayers’ financial pressure and as the marginal tax rate increases for high income taxpayers, the total tax revenue for government will not decrease.Secondly, impose attribute tax on people who own luxury business firms or own more than three houses. In many countries, the property tax is imposed on individual house owners because real perporty is a remark of wealth. The property tax can help to reduce the gap between the rich and the poor. Moreover, as the tax is imposed on multiple house holders, the economic bubble in real estate investment or assumption will be greatly eliminated. Currently, the property tax is imposed on gains from capital, such as house rental not on capital itself. Even though taxpayers pay tax on their capital gain, the income gap still increases.At last, decrease the rate of mix up employment for bond or pains transactions. Currently, the pigeonhole calling rate is 0. 5%. As mentioned in the UK’s budget statement, the main target in 2012 is to keep the economy to be stable not do slow down. The decrease of stamp duty is really a good method to excite the economy development. On the one hand, the decrease of stamp duty is a good remark for the stock grocery, which would encourage more stock transactions. On the other hand, even though the rate of stamp duty decreases, as more transactions there will be, the total revenue from stamp duty will still increase.As we know, UK is the center of worldwide stock market center. Stock market is the main capital source for public companies, so the boom of capital market will greatly promote the development of entity economy. In conclusion, the UK’s tax system is well organized and designed except for some drawbacks. I gestate my proposals can effectively improve both equity and efficiency of the UK tax system and stimulate the economy development. Reference list Budget statement by the Chancellor of the Exchequer, the Rt Hon George Osborne MP, 2010. HM TREASURY. online] Available at: < http://www. hm-treasury. gov. uk/junebudget_speech. htm> finance Act 1965 (c. 25), from UK Statute Law Database”. UK Statutory Publications Office, Ministry of Justice. Retrieved 2007-05-09. â€Å"HM Revenue and Customs receipts”. hmrc. gov. uk. Retrieved 2011-11-11. Kay, Richard. â€Å"Palace caution over Queens tax bill”. Daily station (London). Peter Victor (30 July 1995). â€Å"A brief accounting of VAT”. The Independent(London). Retrieved 13 January 2011. Principles of a good tax system,2010, tutor2u, [online] Available at:\r\n'